4G Wireless Networks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

4G Wireless Networks - Research Paper Example In 2001 a new technology was launched in Japan by the name of 3G which stands for third generation telecommunication. In mid 2010 the networks which were widely used for wireless transporters in U.S. were 3G. 3G networks are considered as a noteworthy development over 2G arrangements as they offer high speeds for data transfer. The improved technology offered by 4G over 3G can be compared to the High Definition TV features (diffen.com, 2011). 1. Services and application 3G is the abbreviation for 3rd generation which is a standard defined for wireless technology which allows internet browsing over wireless networks. A good example of 3G technology is EV-DO. Next is the 4G technology which is the generic abbreviation for 4th generation wireless technology which has been optimized for data transfer over wireless networks. This method provides improved speed and efficiency of data delivery. LTE technology is an instance of 4G network compatibility. The 3G and 4G networks comprise of a b road range of cellular data tools. 4G offers speed which is ten times quicker hen 3G networks and it is categorized having downstream range between 20 and 10 Mbps (Nadel, 2010). 2. Network architecture The underlying network architecture of 3G mobile network constitutes of a circuit-switched and packet-switched network. The services which are offered by this technology include wireless voice telephone, mobile TV facility, video calls and mobile internet accessibility. The underlying network architecture embedded in this technology is radio interface which is referred to as â€Å"Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), Code Divisions Multiple Access (CDMA), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), 2000, GSM (Global System for Mobile), and some referred to as GAN (Generic Access Method)† (Nadel, 2010). 3. Data throughput CDMA2000 is a technology of 3G network which is largely utilized in North America, The data throughput which is offered by this technology is up to 14Mbits/s which has the ability to p rovide additional features like, supplementary outlets, altered inflection and the associated coding techniques, and an aptitude to recover easily from errors. The WCDMA disparate to CDMA utilizes a series of two up to around five channels. The fourth generation networks are outside the range of 3G technology which is designed at higher data rate that falls between 100Mbps to 1Gbps (netlogix.com, 2009). 4. User perceptions If we compare 3G and 4G networks it is clearly apparent that mostly 4G networks have elevated bandwidth which ranges to approximately 100Mbps. 4G networks are able to support multimedia services contrary to 3G networks. The 3G network is designed to include both circuit switched and packet switched networks. If we consider other functions of the system it can be found that 4G has emerged as a more secured and reliable 3G data transmission technology. Moreover 4G networks are recognized in providing international mobility and network scalability which is why it is widely recognized and accepted (Gobjuka, 2010). 2. Distinguish between the 4G LTE, 4G WiMax, and 4G WiBro networks 1. Download and Upload speeds 4G LTE is considered as the current advancement in the range of GSM broadband arrangement. HSPA is defined to provide uplink speeds of 11.5 Mb/s and downlink speeds having 28 Mb/s, while LTE is designed for working with data speeds in the range of downlink speed of 100 Mb/s and uplink

Different Color, Different Treatment (Research Paper) Research Paper

Different Color, Different Treatment ( ) - Research Paper Example Many of these spheres are defined by stereotypes. Those stereotypes determine the nature of the space that is inhabited. How someone reacts to the others around them must be understood through the culturally developed stereotypes that define the potential of the experience that someone has in coming into contact with others on the street. The experience of the American street is a place where visceral prejudices come alive. Where in social gatherings prejudices can be dampened, set aside in order to create relationships that cross boundaries and develop into meaningful interactions, when one encounters an unknown person on a street, the only framework in which to define the potential of that experience is through culturally developed ‘types’. The unfortunate consequence of these types is that the nature of some are automatically considered to have a negative connotation. The concept of the young African American male brings forth a sense of fear, the nature of his repres entation in culture being angry and violent. The media represents the young African American male through concepts that have developed through stereotyping that occurs on television, through music videos, and through past prejudices that created the concept of the militant angry young African American youth. ... This, of course, is not limited to the African American male. There are many stereotypes that become prominent in public spaces when encounters are not framed through introductions. Part of the problem is the high level of population condensed into cities in which most of the people have no interconnections to one another. Because the nature of modern life has created smaller and more intimate conditions of community, there are far more strangers in the world than were once part of American life. In addition, with some of the more prominent crime sprees that have happened, including terrorist acts, more people are now considered ‘enemies’ which creates a type of anxiety that ends in a hyper vigilance that performs as a barrier between people. Being open to interactions with strangers leaves one open and vulnerable to ‘dangers’ that are perceived through the many communications that have framed ‘types’ for their ‘inclinations’ toward s creating chaos. Prejudice In 1954, Gordon Allport wrote a seminal book on the nature of prejudice and how it affects human relationships. He states as he begins to define the concept of prejudice that â€Å"No corner of the world is free from group scorn†, which is an appropriate way in looking at the nature of prejudice. Society groups people into categories in order to impose order upon the integration of multiple cultural backgrounds that ends in differences that can be visually seen in ethnic qualities. The way in which language is used to define groups, by suggesting that someone is African American, Native American, or Asian American, suggests that when someone has ethnic markers, this places them in a different social groups. However, it is important

Nursing leadership and management style Article

Nursing leadership and management style - Article Example Therefore, it is a position and necessity that all the expertise in the childcare health consultancy is experienced in child health and development (Braveman and Tarimo, 1994). Moreover, they must have the knowledge about the distinct needs that concern the children in and out of home childcare settings. Mission: The mission of this health institution is to provide basic childcare health consultancy towards preventing harm and promoting optimal health programs towards bettering the child health care services. Additionally, the consultant aims at liaising with other health professionals as well as relevant community organizations. Mission Statement: The mission statement of the child care health consultancy seeks to establish a strong relationship with the child health care providers by identifying, implementing, and evaluating strategies towards achieving quality child health care services including the establishment of basic health and safety operational plans and guidelines to the children health care providers (Pilnick, Hindmarsh, and Gill, 2010). Organisational Structure: this health care institution has numerous department departments and practitioners since it targets children with different health needs. The chief consultant who will be in charge of the institution heads the institution and he/she will be the final decision maker of the institution. Under the chief consultant, there are numerous departments including medicine, pharmacy, nursing, chiropractic, and allied health among other care providers (Pilnick, Hindmarsh, and Gill, 2010). Notably, most of the works are done by the primary care, secondary care as well as tertiary care. The consultant has a series of field health practitioners who are responsible for collecting child health care data as well as sensitizing the community of the advantage and the importance of the child health care consultancy for the society and its health care related concerns. Budget: the budget of this

Internet Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internet Security - Research Paper Example the computers being used to access the internet, or the user. The subjects pertaining to the security against these threats are internet safety and internet security. There is a slight difference in internet security and internet safety, with the most basic one being that the former focuses more on the direct safety of a computer network from threats that can attack through the internet, such as viruses or data corruption, while internet safety relates more to the security and safety of the user, such as identity fraud, money scams, false information etc. Although both forms of security threats can are important to understand and counter, this paper will concentrate mostly on the more technical aspect of internet security, and will focus on the various threats that are encountered and the preventative measures taken against them. As mentioned, internet security is the necessary measures taken and rules laid out which make the use of the internet more secure for a user in terms of the safety of their computer from various threats. To understand where these threats rise from it is first important to understand the basic working of the internet. ... IP transfers the required bits of data, firs within each individual network, then between secondary levels of networks, starting from the most basic level, and then progressing regionally and then globally, thus allowing the information to reach from one point to another. TCP checks these bits of data, ensuring they are correctly being transferred and offering corrective feedback measures when they aren’t (Reed, 2004). Data threats enter this system of information management when at any of these many levels data is encrypted and corrupted. To prevent this, a number of measures are taken, which include SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), TLS (Transport Layer Security) and IPsec, with the most effective one being the IPsec protocol, which in turn further uses the AH (Authentication Header) and ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) protocols as the mechanism for its protection. AP authenticates the data and then sends it further on, and ESP provides confidentiality. All three protocols ba sically revolve around the same principal of securing communication by authenticating the sender at each level where these protocols are implemented, and by encrypting the data so that in case of unwanted interception, it is not altered. Internet security threats are also widely transferred through email messages. Again, understanding how email messages work greatly explains the reason for this. Email messages can also be considered bits of data that are transferred through the many networks of internet, with the main difference being that users can easily edit and change this data at the various levels it is transmitted to. How email messages basically work is that first a user composes a message. This message is converted into a certain standard form and is transferred to the mail

Federal Reserve Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Federal Reserve Policy - Essay Example The weakness in the real estate markets has spread to become a system wide problem as sub-prime loans turn into toxic assets leaving financial institutions under-collateralized. The US Federal Reserve Board has been criticized for enacting policies that exacerbated the problem, or at least for failing to curtail the spread of the problem by its lack of action. The purpose of this paper is to examine the policies of the Federal Reserve Board during the period of 2006-2009 in light of the current financial crisis. The paper will find that the Federal Reserve Board policies during this period were prudent and appropriate, but failed to exert the political will necessary to address the problems that have arisen in the financial system that were due to factors that are beyond the Board's authority. By many accounts, the current financial crisis began in the housing industry and was fuelled by the twin problems on over-evaluation and high-risk mortgage loans. As the problem grew, financial institutions continued to make high interest, high-risk loans on property that had reached values that were unrealistically high. When the real estate bubble burst, many of these institutions and borrowers were left with assets worth far less than the amount due on the loan. According Bernanke (2008), "housing and housing finance played a central role in precipitating the current crisis. As the crisis has persisted, however, the relationships between housing and other parts of the economy have become more complex.Declining house prices, delinquencies and foreclosures, and strains in mortgage markets are now symptoms as well as causes of our general financial and economic difficulties". Yet, could the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) have taken steps beginning several years ago to address theses ca uses of system wide failure Bernanke (2008) is very clear that the problem was "declining house prices, delinquencies and foreclosures, and strains in mortgage markets". In fact, the FRB was aware of these problems, but failed to enact policies to address these complex issues. Bernanke lists the first cause of the current crisis as the falling prices of housing as the real estate bubble burst. In a free market, asset prices will work to reach equilibrium. A bubble in any industry will eventually deflate in an effort to reach its true valuation. This was seen in the collapse of technology stocks in 1999-2000, and now has hit the real estate market. However, the FRB may have not been able to deal with this problem effectively. In retrospect, Stern (2008) states, "it is challenging at best to identify when asset prices have reached excessive levels, to build support for action once identification has occurred and to implement corrective policy successfully". There is a general philosophy in the FRB that the best strategy for asset inflation is a policy of containment and clean-up, rather than prevention (Stern 2008). In fact, the FRB's policy was "monetary policy easing and last-resort lending", which only deepened and prolonged the crisis (Blanchard 2009, p. 2). Asset revaluation is a political challenge, but is within the FRB's capacity. None of these actions took place, and the FRB continued dropping interest rates. While the falling interest rates were enacted to stimulate a lagging economy, other factors continued to prop up housing prices at unrealistic levels. When mortgage money is cheap, it creates more customers interested in borrowing and the demand for housing remains high. During the

Operation Iraqi Freedom Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Operation Iraqi Freedom - Research Proposal Example The Operation Iraqi Freedom is also called the Second Gulf War or the War in Iraq. It is a military operation that is still on and began in March 2003. The military comprises mainly the US and UK troops and backed in smaller proportions by troops from Denmark, Australia, Poland and a few other countries. This operation was publicly supported by all the Arab nations. However, NATO did not publicly support this invasion and the Eastern European nations were willing to support the operation. Earlier before this operation, Iraq was believed to possess weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The WMD present a threat to the national security of Western countries. UK totally supported this assessment while France, Russia and Germany did not. The United Nations inspector of weapons however did not find any evidence of WMD. This raised the support to earlier criticisms about this war. After this invasion, the Iraq Survey Group made a conclusion that Iraq stopped its WMD projects in 1991 and did no t have WMD programs at that moment but intended to resume the programs once Iraq sanctions were lifted. The US also claimed that Iraq supported financially the families of suicide bombers in Palestine. More accusations included abuse of human rights by the government and lack of democracy in Iraq. The Iraqi military was defeated and Saddam Hussein executed. The US led coalition tried to install a new democratic government. This caused violence against the coalition forces. Many Iraqis lost their lives and millions sought refuge. The failure Iraqi reconstruction is viewed by many as having failed. The lucrative contracts have failed to show any signs of improving the country's infrastructure. Contracts for rebuilding the Iraqi infrastructure were given without competitive bidding. These contract awarding was the responsibility of the US Agency for International Development. Mistakes were committed just after the Iraqi invasion. Four years after the Iraqi military campaign about 21 billion dollars were used. However, Iraq now produces less oil and electricity than it was before the war. The plan to reconstruct the country was a poor one. Plenty of scandals erupted after the war. Reconstruction contracts were given out without any competition. Beneficiaries of these contracts include Kellogg Brown and Root and Bechtel. Both companies are closely linked to the Bush Administration. It is a great scandal that even the humble infrastructure before the war was not saved and the reconstruction's planning was very poor. Output from the money spent on rebuilding is just a fraction of what the Iraqis expected. The original plan the largest portion of the money, 5.56 billion dollars, was to improve electricity production. It would upgrade power stations, transmitting of power and distributing. That was reduced to 4.24 billion dollars. Oil projects had their 1.89 billion dollars reduced to

Automatic Railway Level Crossing Essay Example for Free

Automatic Railway Level Crossing Essay Abstract: In the rapidly flourishing country like ours, accidents in the unmanned level crossings are increasing day by day. No fruitful steps have been taken so far in these areas. The objective of our project is to provide an automatic railway gate at a level-crossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper. It deals with two things. Firstly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept closed. And secondly, it provides safety to the road users by reducing the accidents. By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of the train is detected by the sensors placed near to the gate and transmits the information to the gate controller via wired or wireless. Hence, the time for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates. The operation is automatic i. e. , error due to manual operation is prevented. By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of train is detected by the sensor placed on either side of the gate at about 3km from the level crossing. Hence, the time for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates and also reduces the human labour. This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and reliable operation is required. Since, the operation is automatic error due to manual operation will be prevented. Once the arrival of the train is sensed, the sensed signal is sent to the microcontroller via, wired or wireless transmission and it checks for possible presence of vehicle between the gates. Subsequently, buzzer indication and light signals on either side are provided to the road users indicating the closure of gates. Once, no vehicle is sensed in between the gate the motor is activated and the gates are closed. But, for the worst case if any obstacle is sensed it is indicated to the train driver by signals (RED) placed at about 1km, so as to bring it to halt well before the level crossing. When no obstacle is sensed GREEN light is indicated, and the train is to free to move. The departure of the train is detected by sensors placed at about 1km from the ate. The signal about the departure is sent to the microcontroller, which in turn operates the motor in reverse way and opens the gate. Thus, the time for which the gate is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates. Also reliability is high as it is not subjected to manual errors. Components : IR sensors or Vibration sensors, Microcontroller, L293D(driver IC), Stepper motor, Wireless Transmitter and Receiver, power supply. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION Micro Controller Totally 40-pin DIP package manufactured with CMOS Technology. L293D (motor driver IC) Racially L293D 16DIP /ULN 2003 IC is used to drive the stepper motor. STEPPER MOTOR This is used to open and close the gates automatically when it is rotated clock wise or anticlockwise direction. Stepper motor requires 500m amps current, so use the L293D drivers to drive the stepper motor. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION Keil By 1. B. BHARATH KUMAR REDDY – 113004045 2. P SAMBASIVA RAO – 113004161 3. T. RANGA VINOD KUMAR 113004207 4. T. SIVA NARAYANA REDDY 113004205