Current event(news within the last 30 days) in Europe and provide a Essay

Current event(news within the last 30 days) in Europe and provide a 1-2 paragraph summary about it - Essay Example Ultimately, the European members of the G-20 were satisfied with the results of the meeting, including the French President and the German Finance Minister (Levitz, 2011). France, which currently stands as president of the G-20, hosted the meeting in Paris. Part of the results of the conference was the selection of economic indicators that the G-20 would use to monitor the health of the world economy. One of these indicators, the summit decided, would not be falling or rising exchange rates. Many believe this is because China exerted pressure, amidst criticism, on the other countries to remove this factor from consideration. However, the broad consensus from other major economies is that China needs to allow their exchange rates to adjust in response to market forces. This compromise and pushback from G-20 members is a signal of what is to come in terms of Europe’s relationship to China and its economies. As the Chinese economy continues to grow, Europe faces the problem of de aling with that power in a way that is both fair to Chinese interests and equitable to European interests. Another economic indicator that came under consideration at the G-20 summit was the prices of commodities, which unlike exchange rates, will be used to monitor the health of the global economy. ... Likewise, this may be due to growth in the Chinese economy, which is roughly four times larger than it was at the start of market reforms in 1978 (Sachs, 2011). A point of interest brought up at the G-20 conference was the effect of global climate change on the food shortage, and the difficulties that such changes pose to creating a sustainable diet for the Earth’s population. The G-20 summit, of course, addressed turmoil in Egypt and Tunisia. With such political instability, the responsibility seems to fall on the most stable economies in the world, which primarily belong to the European countries, to help stabilize those countries. Like the American banking crisis, this process of reforming one part to bring the entire system back to health is one that will be played out on the global scale. In many ways, food shortages and underdeveloped economies is what led to the political unrest in Egypt seen throughout the month of February that eventually led to the toppling of a dict atorial government. Thus, the issues that the G-20 addressed seem to be all connected in some way. Even though these problems came to the fore in Egypt, developed countries in the G-20 membership still suffer from high rates of unemployment and soaring commodity prices, as the G-20 members discussed. These decisions to help stabilize unstable economies in order to support the economic problems seen in Europe is one that will have tremendous, lasting consequences for the European nations and the G-20 membership. Works Cited Levitz, D. (2011, February 19). G20 reaches compromise on economic indicators. Retrieved February 28, 2011, from Deutsche Welle:

Supply Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain Management Essay Storage has always been an important aspect of economic development. For manufacturers, strategic warehousing offered a way to reduce holding or dwell time of materials and parts. On the outbound side of manufacturing, warehouses can be used to create product assortments for customer shipment. An important charge in warehousing is maximum flexibility. Ideally a warehouse will simultaneously provide economic and service benefits. Warehouses offer many economic benefits for companies. One economic benefit of a warehouse is derived from the ability to consolidate products from a number of production plants into large, consolidated shipments delivered to customers. Also, big shipments from production plants are often broken into smaller shipments and arranged for local delivery. Break bulk shipments significantly reduce freight costs. In addition, warehouses allow production to be postponed or delayed until actual demand is certain. Once demand is determined in terms of product type and quantity, minor processing can quickly make final products available, reducing inventory requirements. Warehouses also provide buffers for seasonality, improve production efficiency, and support marketing efforts that often send logistics managers scrambling to meet surges in demand. Economic benefits of warehousing occur when overall logistics costs are reduced. For example, if adding a warehouse in a logistical system reduces overall transportation cost by an amount greater than required investment and operational cost, then total cost will be reduced. When total cost reductions are achievable, the warehouse is economically justified. Four basic economic benefits are: Consolidation and Break-bulk, Sorting, Seasonal storage, and Reverse logistics. The economic benefits of consolidation and break-bulk are to reduce transportation cost by using warehouse capability to increase shipment economies of scale. Consolidation occurs when a warehouse pull together small shipments from a number of sources and combine them into larger, more economical, shipping loads intended for same location. Small, flexible shipment in. Large, economical shipments out. The benefits of consolidation are the lower in transportation cost as goods could be ship full truckload and quicker delivery instead of transporting the products as small shipments from different sources. With larger volume, you are able to get the lower rates, improved service, shorter transit time and less handling of your freight. Economy of scale is achieved by transporting the large shipment from origin to destination. Break-bulk occurs when a warehouse receive bulk shipments and breaking these small shipments for delivery to various customer. Break-bulk warehouse operations are similar to consolidation except there no storage is performed. The long-distance transportation movement is a large shipment, transport cost is lower and there is less difficulty in tracking. Both consolidation and break-bulk arrangement use warehouse capacity to improve transportation efficiency. Many logistical arrangement involve both consolidation and break-bulk. How do warehouses perform assortment? The basic benefit of sorting is done to reconfigure freight as it flows from origin to destination. There are three types of assortments performed in the warehouses namely – Cross docking, Mixing, and Assembly are widely performed in logistical systems. The objective of cross-docking is to combine inventory from multiple origins into an assortment for a specific customer. This operation is used by retailers for the fast moving store inventories. The distributor cross dock process consolidates inbound products from different vendor into mixed product pallet, which is delivered to the customer when the final item is received. The transportation cross dock process combines shipments from a number of different carriers in the less-than-truckload ( LTL ) and small package industries to gain economy of scale. The retail cross dock process involves the receipt of products from multiple vendors and sorting onto outbound trucks for a number of retail stores. The benefits of cross docking is to reduction in cost, as the product no longer requires picking and put away in the warehouse. The reduction in time from production to customer, which helps improve customer satisfaction. The reduction in the need for warehouse space, as there is no requirement to storage of products. The objective of supply mixing is to support manufacturing operations. Products and components are supplied to a mixing warehouse located in close proximity to the manufacturing plant, when requested by the plant, necessary sortation will be carried out and ship to the plant directly. It is a popular strategy to support manufacturing firms with JIT (Just-In-Time) and MRP ( Materials Requirement Planning) system. Mixing is performed at an intermediate location between shipment origin and destination. In this process the inbound products are combined with those regularly stored at the warehouse. The net effect is to reduce the overall product storage in a logistical system while achieving customer specific assortment and minimizing transportation cost. Assembly supports manufacturing operations. The components from a variety of second tier suppliers are assembled in a warehouse located close to the manufacturing plant. Products and components are assembled from a variety of second-tier suppliers by a warehouse, often referred to as lead suppliers or tier one suppliers, located in close proximity to the manufacturing plant. While manufacturing organizations have traditionally performed assembly, it has become common to utilize value-added services performed by a lead or tier one supplier or an integrated service provider (ISP) to sort, sequence, and deliver components when needed in manufacturing. Like cross-docking and mixing, assembly serves to achieve a process grouping of inventory at a precise time and location. The direct economic benefit of storage is to accommodate seasonal production or demand. For example, Santa Clarita storage and toys are typically produced year-round but are sold only during a very short marketing period. In contrast, agricultural products are harvested at specific times, with subsequent consumption occurring throughout the year. Both situations require inventory storage to support marketing efforts. Storage provides an inventory buffer, which allows production efficientcies within the constraints imposed by material sources and consumers. Reverse logistics is concerned with controlled and regular inventory. Controlled inventory consists of hazardous materials and product recalls that have potential consumer health or environmental considerations. The reclamation of controlled inventory must be performed under strict operating scrutiny that prevents improper disposal. As one might expect, varied governmental agencies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Department of Transportation (DOT), the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), are directly involved in disposal of controlled inventory. A broader perspective includes all relating to logistics activities carried out in source reduction, recycling, substitution, reuse of materials and disposal† , Council of Logistics Management. This means that, reverse logistics are basically discarded products, used products, products or parts previously shipped, hazardous and non-hazardous waste from packages and products, information, raw material, in process inventory and finished goods. Currently, reverse logistics deals not only with return processing but also with repair, customer service, parts management, end-of-life manufacturing and order fulfillment. Less attention has traditionally focused on reclamation of regular inventory.

Gender roles in language acquisition Essay Example for Free

Gender roles in language acquisition Essay We reprimand our daughters for being bossy and praise our sons for showing such assertiveness. These were the sentiments expressed during Sheryl Sandburg book promotion tour in early 2013. Mrs Sandberg is largely accepted as one of the most successful female businessperson in modern society. During her many lectures and academic interviews she essentially cited her success as the result of going against the gender norm for women. Although specifically referring to the business world, does Sheryl have a point? Are we reinforcing gender roles in the words we promote and discourage our children to use? It is largely accepted across both linguistic and psychology fields that girls develop their language skill in: understands, quantity, quality and range of vocabulary acquired at an earlier age and faster rate than their male counterparts. A very recent study by Rikard Bauman in 2010 (Stockholm University Press) explored vocabulary growth and language production in pre-school children. It is suggested that at 22 months girls have a more extensive vocabulary than boys due to capacity differences; however, at 34 months such a pattern cannot be found. Furthermore it is suggested that gender affects language production in the sense that male and female speakers will prefer to produce words that are associated with their culture’s definition of masculinity and femininity. The study on vocabulary growth is based on the assumption that TTR (type/token ratio) reflects vocabulary size and it proves that, at 22 months, girls have a more extensive vocabulary than boys; however, at 34 months such a pattern is less obvious, if any conclusion can be drawn it is that boys have a slightly larger vocabulary than girls. The study on language production is focused on verb production and it shows that boys and girls prefer verbs that are associated with common stereotypes of masculinity and femininity. It seems that these gender distinctions are not unique to the English language or the Western world as Found when examining the Japanese language. according to Eleanor Harz Jorden, when learning language in Japan children learn that there are some words and some grammatical constructions that are associated explicitly with men or boys, while others are associated with women or girls. Such differences are sometimes called gendered language. In Japanese, speech patterns associated with women are referred to as onna kotoba (womens words) or joseigo , womens language). In general, the words and speech patterns associated with men are seen as rough, vulgar, or abrupt, while those associated with women are considered more polite, more deferential, or softer. Some linguists consider the rough/soft continuum more accurate than the male/female continuum. For example, Eleanor Harz Jorden in Japanese: The Spoken Language refers to the styles as blunt/gentle, rather than male/female. There are no gender differences in written Japanese (except in quoted speech), and almost no differences in polite speech (teineigo), since males take on softer speech, except for the fact that women may be more likely to use polite speech in the first place. The word onnarashii , which is usually translated as ladylike or feminine, refers to the behaviour expected of a typical Japanese woman. As well as behaving in particular ways, being onnarashii means conforming to particular styles of speech. Some of the features of women’s speech include speaking in a higher register, using more polite forms and using polite speech or honorifics in more situations, and referring to themselves and those they address more formally. Some linguistic features commonly associated with women include omission of the copula da, the use of personal pronouns such as watashi or atashi among others, use of feminine sentence-final particles such as wa, na no, kashira, and mashoo, and the more frequent use of the honorific prefixes o and go. According to Katsue Akiba Reynolds, ladylike speech is instrumental in keeping Japanese women in traditional roles and reflects Japanese society’s concept of the difference between women and men.[4] For example, there is the potential for conflict for women in the workplace in that, to be onnarashii, a woman must speak politely, submissively and humbly, yet to command respect as a superior, she must be assertive, self-assured, and direct, even when dealing with male subordinates. Actual language used by Japanese-speaking women differs from these ideals. Such onnarashii speech is a norm that institutions such as education and media encourage women to adopt. Similarly, these forms may be prescribed for women learners by Japanese textbooks and other materials. There are, however various deviations from these norms in conversation. Although Japanese women may not follow the gender norm in speech, some linguistic studies indicate that Japanese women tend to use more honorific language than men do, which reinforces the idea of onnarashii and traditional gender roles.[5] Traditional characteristics of Japanese mens speech [edit] Just as there are modes of speaking and behaviour that are considered intrinsically feminine, there are also those that are considered intrinsically masculine. In speech, being otokorashii (manly or masculine) means speaking in a lower register, using fewer polite forms and using them in fewer situations, and using intrinsically masculine words. Research on Japanese mens speech shows greater use of neutral forms, forms not strongly associated with masculine or feminine speech, than is seen in Japanese womens speech. Scholars argue that men use typically masculine forms to assert their own authority and knowledge of themselves. Some studies of conversation between Japanese men and women show neither gender taking a more dominant position in interaction. Men, however, tend to show a self-oriented conversation style, telling stories and expressing their expertise on topics being discussed, than is typical of women in these studies. Gender differences in modern society :- As women gain an increasing leadership role in Japanese society, notions of onnarashisa and otokorashisa, that is, what is deemed appropriate behaviour for men and women, have evolved over time. Although comparatively more extreme movements call for the elimination of gender differences in the Japanese language (gender-neutral language), convergence in usage is considered unlikely and may not even be desirable. Instead, trends in actual usage indicate that women are feeling more comfortable using traditional characteristics of female speech (such as wa) while still maintaining an assertive attitude on par with men. In other words, there is a gradual decoupling of language forms and traditional cultural expectations. Although the characteristics of Japanese male speech have been largely unaffected, there has been an increasing sensitivity regarding certain usages (such as changing the terms used to refer to mature women -chan) that may be considered offensive. Regional dialect may often play a role in the expression and perception masculinity or femininity of speech in Japanese. Another recent phenomenon influencing established femininity in speech is the popularity of Okama, very feminine men as popular Geinoujin (television personalities). While homosexuality and transgenderism is still a fairly taboo subject in Japan, lesbians with male traits, or cross-dressers, are referred to as onabe or tachi. Problems for Japanese learners [edit] Without the proper instruction by fluent Japanese speakers and/or teachers, non-native persons risk learning and expressing themselves inappropriately to native Japanese. Compounding the difficulty of language acquisition, formal instruction may emphasise learning the polite forms of expression (that favour female students) while glossing over informal expression (that favour male students) and honorifics (distinguishes natives from foreigners). It is important for non-natives to be instructed by members of the same sex or be aware that mere mimicry may not have the expected results. In addition to the use of pronouns to refer to oneself and others, the use of titles also is strongly influenced by gender-based overtones and is another source of potential problems for the non-native speaker. The situation is further complicated by regional variation. For example, in many regions of Japan it is common for older men to refer to themselves as boku or older women to refer to themselves as ore. How does this relate to language spoken in the Western world? Opinion is, as is often the case, divided. AGAINST 1) other major influences Mahsa Saligheh Revisiting Age and GenderInfluence in Second Language Acquisition 2012 states, There is no doubt that language acquisition process is a complex process which involves several factors, and that this process is highly influenced due to plasticity of the brain. Furthermore, the types of memory systems involved in females and males are also have a pivotal role that makes the genders distinct. The researchers claim, age and gender, are among the factors that run in parallel with other factors that deeply influence language acquisition process such as motivation, personality, styles, strategies, gender and age. The present study attempts to investigate the last two factors: age and gender. Given the importance placed on the role on age and gender, the researchers hold they are not the necessary conditions for second language acquisition. However, the writers claim that genetically there are some benefits that can be reaped for those who begin L2 acquisition early. Furthermore, both males and females are equipped with some predetermined tendencies that would be helpful for them to acquire some aspects of language much faster and easier. 2) biological basis Mar. 5, 2008 — Although researchers have long agreed that girls have superior language abilities than boys, until now no one has clearly provided a biological basis that may account for their differences. For the first time and in unambiguous findings researchers from Northwestern University and the University of Haifa show both that, areas of the brain associated with language work harder in girls than in boys during language tasks, and that boys and girls rely on different parts of the brain when performing these tasks. Our findings which suggest that language processing is more sensory in boys and more abstract in girls could have major implications for teaching children and even provide support for advocates of single sex classrooms, said Douglas D. Burman, research associate in Northwesterns Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences The researchers measured brain activity (using functional magnetic resonance imaging) in 31 boys and in 31 girls aged 9 to 15 as they performed spelling and writing language tasks. The tasks were delivered in two sensory modalities visual and auditory. When visually presented, the children read certain words without hearing them. Presented in an auditory mode, they heard words aloud but did not see them. Using a complex statistical model, Burman and Pepper accounted for differences associated with age, gender, type of linguistic judgment, performance accuracy and the method (written or spoken) in which words were presented. The researchers found that girls still showed significantly greater activation in language areas of the brain than boys. The information in the tasks got through to girls language areas of the brain (areas associated with abstract thinking through language). And their performance accuracy correlated with the degree of activation in some of these language areas. To their astonishment, however, this was not the case for boys. Boys accurate performance when reading words depended on how hard visual areas of the brain worked. In hearing words, boys performance depended on how hard auditory areas of the brain worked. If that pattern extends to language processing that occurs in the classroom, it could inform teaching and testing methods. Given boys sensory approach, boys might be more effectively evaluated on knowledge gained from lectures via oral tests and on knowledge gained by reading via written tests. For girls, whose language processing appears more abstract in approach, these different testing methods would appear unnecessary. One possibility is that boys have some kind of bottleneck in their sensory processes that can hold up visual or auditory information and keep it from being fed into the language areas of the brain, Burman said. This could result simply from girls developing faster than boys, in which case the differences between the sexes might disappear by adulthood. Or, an alternative explanation is that boys create visual and auditory associations such that meanings associated with a word are brought to mind simply from seeing or hearing the word. While the second explanation puts males at a disadvantage in more abstract language function, those kinds of sensory associations may have provided an evolutionary advantage for primitive men whose survival required them to quickly recognise danger-associated sights and sounds. If the pattern of females relying on an abstract language network and of males relying on sensory areas of the brain extends into adulthood (a still unresolved question) it could explain why women often provide more context and abstract representation than men. Ask a woman for directions and you may hear something like: Turn left on Main Street, go one block past the drug store, and then turn right, where theres a flower shop on one corner and a cafe across the street. Such information-laden directions may be helpful for women because all information is relevant to the abstract concept of where to turn; however, men may require only one cue and be distracted by additional information. Conclusion Alongside most if not all empirical and theoretical evidence involving human beings it is impossible to make concrete and definite conclusions. Having extrapolated the information the most obvious conclusion can only deduce Is this only evident in childhood, does the distinction disappear by adulthood or was Sandberg right in stating that the division in language between the sexes continues through life. References Burman is primary author of Sex Differences in Neural Processing of Language Among Children. Co-authored by James R. Booth (Northwestern University) and Tali Bitan (University of Haifa). Jorden, Eleanor Harz; Noda, Mari (1987). Japanese: The Spoken Language. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03834-7. Siegal, Meryl; Okamoto, Shigeko (2003). Toward reconceptualizing the teaching and learning of gendered speech styles in Japanese as a Foreign Language. Japanese Language and Literature 37 (1): 49–66. Retrieved 2013-4-26. Kazuko, Ashizawa (1998). Mangajins Basic Japanese Through Comics. Weatherhill. ISBN 0-8348-0452-2. Reynolds, Katsue Akiba (1990). Female Speakers of Japanese in Transition. Aspects of Japanese Womens Language (Tokyo: Kurosio). Tanaka, Lidia (2004). Gender, Language and Culture: A Study of Japanese Television Interview Discourse. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3079-9. Sreetharan, Cindi Sturtz (2004). Students, sarariiman (pl.), and seniors: Japanese mens use of †²manly†² speech register. Language in Society 33 (01). doi:10.1017/S0047404504031045. ISSN 0047-4045. ^ Itakura, Hiroko; Tsui, Amy B. M. (2004). Gender and conversational dominance in Japanese conversation. Language in Society 33 (02). doi:10.1017/S0047404504332033. ISSN 0047-4045.

Case Report: Topiramate Induced Myopia

Case Report: Topiramate Induced Myopia G.Srinivasagopalan Gopalsamy, Murali Mohan Mohan, Sudhakar Sankar Tamilnadu, India Abstract Topiramate (sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide) is a broad spectrum newer anti-convulsant. It is also used in prophylaxis of migraine, cluster headache, bipolar affective disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, post herpetic neuralgia , relapse prevention in alcohol dependence syndrome, add on treatment for antipsychotic induced weight gain. Acute Myopia and angle closure glaucoma are some of the rare side effects of topiramate. This case highlights the development of myopia in a middle aged patient with alcohol dependence syndrome while he was on topiramate therapy. Keywords: Topiramate, alcohol dependence syndrome, angle closure glaucoma, myopia. INTRODUCTION Topiramate is a sulfamate substituted monosaccharide, a broad spectrum anticonvulsant acting on voltage dependent sodium channels, enhancement of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), decrease in glutamate and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase. We (the psychiatrists) use topiramate to treat migraine, cluster headache, bipolar affective disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, post herpetic neuralgia , relapse prevention in alcohol dependence syndrome, add on treatment for antipsychotic induced weight gain1. Some of the rare side effects of topiramate are acute myopia and angle closure glaucoma. We report a case of topiramate induced transient myopia in a patient who had been started on topiramate for relapse prevention in alcohol dependence syndrome. CASE REPORT A 35 year old married male, lower middle socio economic status from rural background, working in a private company presented to the outpatient services of our department of psychiatry with 10 years history of alcohol use amounting to dependence and two weeks history of blurred vision and headache. Patient was diagnosed as a case of alcohol dependence syndrome – uncomplicated withdrawal state (F10.30) as per International Classification of Diseases (ICD) ‑10 criteria. He was admitted for detoxification and on eliciting history; it was found that he had been commenced on oral topiramate 50 mg/day 3 weeks previously by a private psychiatrist for his alcohol use. The patient had no history of hypertension, diabetes or glaucoma, he had never worn glasses and there was no history of injury to eyes or head and no history of withdrawal seizures. He was referred to department of ophthalmology for blurred vision. Ophthalmic opinion on the day of admission suggested refractive err ors bilaterally with left eye myopia of -2.5 diopters and right eye myopia of -3.5 diopters with shallow anterior chamber and normal pupils and lens on slit lamp examination and normal intra ocular pressure on tonometry. After this ophthalmologic report, topiramate was stopped immediately by us thinking that it could have induced myopia. Other routine investigations were normal and detoxification with oral lorazepam and thiamine supplementation continued along with motivation enhancement sessions by psychologist. Patient reported gradual clinical improvement in his vision. Repeat ophthalmologic consultation on the 7th day of admission showed significant improvement in visual acuity and refraction with left eye myopia of 0.75 diopters and right eye myopia of 0.75 diopters .Because of our early intervention, angle closure glaucoma was averted in our case. DISCUSSION The most frequently reported side effects for Topiramote are dizziness, mental slowing, somnolence, ataxia, impaired concentration and confusion2. Most of these are transient and observed during the initial weeks of therapy and can be reduced by slow titration of the dose. Anorexia and mild weight loss has been observed during the therapy. Metabolic acidosis, and nephrolithiasis are the other reported side effects. WHO Causality Assessment3 suggests abnormal vision, acute secondary angle closure glaucoma, acute myopia and suprachoroidal effusions are complications of Topiramate therapy. This case highlights and aims to raise awareness that topiramate can cause acute myopia and angle closure glaucoma. Both are reversible with immediate discontinuation of the drug4. Various authors have also reported these serious complications due to topiramate[4][5][6]. The mechanism for topiramate induced angle closure glaucoma is by ciliochoroidal effusion with forward displacement of the lens â₠¬â€œ iris diaphragm and anterior chamber shallowing, resulting in acute myopia and angle closure glaucoma4]. Topiramate’s weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor activity and prostaglandin mediated effects have also been postulated as possible mechanisms7. Acute myopia up to -9.0 diopters can occur in a matter of hours after starting topiramate, but might take weeks to fully resolve. Whenever a case of myopia with angle closure glaucoma and a shallow anterior chamber is encountered, ciliochoroidal effusion syndrome induced by drugs should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Drug induced myopia has also been associated with promethazine, spironolactone, tetracycline, corticosteroids etc.5. Pupils should not be dilated to prevent further angle closure and possible rise in pressure. Paediatric and developmentally delayed patients who have been started on topiramate should be closely monitored during the first 2 weeks of treatment. It is important for the clinician to educate the patients about this serious adverse effect while prescribing topiramate and advise them to report immediately in the event of visual disturbance. REFERENCES 1V. Shivakumar, N. Jayaram, N. P. Rao, and G. Venkatasubramanian, Successful Use of Add on Topiramate for Antipsychotic Induced Weight Gain, Indian J Psychol Med, 34 (2012), 85-6. 2Y. Mikaeloff, A. de Saint-Martin, J. Mancini, S. Peudenier, J. M. Pedespan, L. Vallee, J. Motte, M. Bourgeois, A. Arzimanoglou, O. Dulac, and C. Chiron, Topiramate: Efficacy and Tolerability in Children According to Epilepsy Syndromes, Epilepsy Res, 53 (2003), 225-32. 3S. A. Zaki, Adverse Drug Reaction and Causality Assessment Scales, Lung India, 28 (2011), 152-3. 4J. E. Craig, T. J. Ong, D. L. Louis, and J. M. Wells, Mechanism of Topiramate-Induced Acute-Onset Myopia and Angle Closure Glaucoma, Am J Ophthalmol, 137 (2004), 193-5. 5T. C. Chen, C. W. Chao, and J. A. Sorkin, Topiramate Induced Myopic Shift and Angle Closure Glaucoma, Br J Ophthalmol, 87 (2003), 648-9. 6H. A. Sen, H. S. OHalloran, and W. B. Lee, Case Reports and Small Case Series: Topiramate-Induced Acute Myopia and Retinal Striae, Arch Ophthalmol, 119 (2001), 775-7. 7C. M. Desai, S. J. Ramchandani, S. G. Bhopale, and S. S. Ramchandani, Acute Myopia and Angle Closure Caused by Topiramate, a Drug Used for Prophylaxis of Migraine, Indian J Ophthalmol, 54 (2006), 195-7.

The Antiwar Movement During the Vietnam War :: Vietnam War Essays

The Antiwar Movement in the U.S. - End the War in Vietnam! The antiwar movement against Vietnam in the US from 1965-1971 was the most significant movement of its kind in the nation's history. The United States first became directly involved in Vietnam in 1950 when President Harry Truman started to underwrite the costs of France's war against the Viet Minh. Later, the presidencies of Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy increased the US's political, economic, and military commitments steadily throughout the fifties and early sixties in the Indochina region. Prominent senators had already begun criticizing American involvement in Vietnam during the summer of 1964, which led to the mass antiwar movement that was to appear in the summer of 1965. This antiwar movement had a great impact on policy and practically forced the US out of Vietnam. Starting with teach-ins during the spring of 1965, the massive antiwar efforts centered on the colleges, with the students playing leading roles. These teach-ins were mass public demonstrations, usually held in the spring and fall seasons. By 1968, protesters numbered almost seven million with more than half being white youths in college. The teach-in movement was at first, a gentle approach to the antiwar activity. Although, it faded when the college students went home during the summer of 1965, other types of protest that grew through 1971 soon replaced it. All of these movements captured the attention of the White House, especially when 25,000 people marched on Washington Avenue. And at times these movements attracted the interest of all the big decision-makers and their advisors (Gettleman, 54). The teach-ins began at the University of Michigan on March 24, 1965, and spread to other campuses, including Wisconsin on April 1. These protests at some of America's finest universities captured public attention. The Demonstrations were one form of attempting to go beyond mere words and research and reason, and to put direct pressure on those who were conducting policy in apparent disdain for the will expressed by the voters (Spector, 30-31). Within the US government, some saw these teach-ins as an important development that might slow down on further escalation in Vietnam. Although several hundred colleges experienced teach-ins, most campuses were untouched by this circumstance. Nevertheless, the teach-ins did concern the administration and contributed to President Johnson's decision to present a major Vietnam address at Johns Hopkins University on April 7, 1965. The address tried to respond to the teach-ins campus protest activity.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Marriage as Portrayed in Merchants Prolog

Marriage as Portrayed in The Merchants Prologue and Tale  Ã‚   The story of Januarie's marriage to May and her subsequent infidelity with Damyan allows for not only Chaucer's view of marriage to come through, but also includes the opinions of contemporary writers. Chaucer allows his views to be made known as the narrator and his views could also be said to infiltrate the speeches of the Merchant. Justinus and Placebo's views are also accounted for as the fictional characters also air their opinions on the institution of marriage. In this way, Chaucer has allowed for a fair deal of discussion of marriage. Chaucer places the character of Januarie in Pavia, which has a reputation for brothels. In this somewhat uncouth place, Januarie is in a self-imposed race against time to find a wife. At 60 years old, Januarie is getting married simply because he feels that he should before he dies and believes that, like St Paul says, to get married purely in order to avoid sin, is perfectly reasonable. Januarie wants a wife of "warm wex" in order to be able to ply her to his own demands and needs. His friends would have liked to have advised Januarie further on his choice of wife, however there was no time. Januarie sees the marriage very much as a business transaction and he uses his friends to scour the land for suitable women as it is a quicker way of finding the best deal. Like Januarie, Justinus is concerned with the economic ideals of the union. However he does have further concerns as to the age difference that will occur. He soon sees the possibility of infidelity on the wife's part. Unlike Januarie who quite simply requires a pretty face and a weak character, Justinus advises that the woman should have "Mo goode thewes than ... ...nfidelity is wrong. The Merchant says little about the business like manner in which the marriage took place, but has more to say about the untrustworthy nature of women, his cynicism from his own relationships showing through his occasional selections of Biblical references to deceitful women such as Rebecca and Judith. The Tale's own deceitful woman, May, yearns for a more emotional relationship and believes that she finds this with Damyan. However, he holds what appears to be a more typical male view of marriage. It is much more enjoyable to be a bachelor and to have no ties. May's only emotional links with him, such as the letters they exchange, have to be disposed of in the privy. The mercantile, unromantic nature of marriage seems to be prevalent in most men's minds as women cannot be trusted unless perhaps under some kind of bond other than purely spiritual.

The Driving Age :: essays research papers

Many teens are interested in being able to drive at a younger age, but it is still unclear if they are able to handle it. If the legal driving age is lowered, are we endangering the lives of teen drivers, as well as the passengers with them? I believe most people want to drive as soon as they can. However, recently the government has been trying to pass laws that may change the current driving age of 16. There are positive and negative aspects to changing the laws that allow the driving age to stay at 16.There have been new bills being proposed that mite be passed. â€Å"The Minister for Urban Services has introduced a Bill (proposed law) into the Assembly. He wants to amend the Road Transport (Driver Licensing) Act 2000. The new Bill is called the Driving Age Amendment Bill. This Bill is intended to raise the age at which people can apply for a learner’s permit and driver’s license.† (Legislative Assembly). This bill will raise the driving age if it is passed b ut the aspects of what will happen should be considered before we change it. There are many different reasons why we should keep it at 16. First off it’s a good working system that we have followed for a long time. Another good reason that helps this concept is that the teenagers are still in school so it’s easier for them to take drivers training. If there are more drivers that ultimately mean that more people will be paying for insurance. There are also the reasons why we should change it from 16. Like for instances most 16 year olds aren’t responsible enough to drive. â€Å"The facts show that younger drivers (those between ages 16 and 25) receive more citations, are more likely to have their driving privilege suspended, and are responsible for more accidents than drivers in any other age group.† (Dr. Steven Evans). Another reason is that it’s a high cost own a car when they are making so little money. If we were to raise the driving age it would most likely be changed to 18. The best reasons for raising it to 18 would probably be that they are more responsible. â€Å"Children are not equipped to handle these vehicles, which are hard for even an experienced, adult driver to handle.† (Ron Shaffer) They have More money because of there jobs and if you go away from home you need a license.