Agenda Setting

1. Agenda Setting Theory the creation of what the public thinks is important History and Orientation Agenda setting describes a very powerful influence of the media – the ability to tell us what issues are important. As far back as 1922, the newspaper columnist Walter Lippman was concerned that the media had the power to present images to the public. McCombs and Shaw investigated presidential campaigns in 1968, 1972 and 1976. In the research done in 1968 they focused on two elements: awareness and information.Investigating the agenda-setting function of the mass media, they attempted to assess the relationship between what voters in one community said were important issues and the actual content of the media messages used during the campaign. McCombs and Shaw concluded that the mass media exerted a significant influence on what voters considered to be the major issues of the campaign. Core Assumptions and Statements Core:  Agenda-setting is the creation of public awareness a nd concern of salient issues by the news media.Two basis assumptions underlie most research on agenda-setting: (1) the press and the media do not reflect reality; they filter and shape it; (2) media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues. One of the most critical aspects in the concept of an agenda-setting role of mass communication is the time frame for this phenomenon. In addition, different media have different agenda-setting potential. Agenda-setting theory seems quite appropriate to help us understand the pervasive role of the media (for example on political communication systems).Statement:  Bernard Cohen (1963) stated: â€Å"The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about. † Agenda Setting   as   defined in â€Å" Mass Media, Mass Culture† is the process whereby the ma ss media determine what we think and worry about. Walter Lippmann, a journalist first observed this function, in the 1920’s. Lippmann then pointed out that the media dominates over the creation of pictures in our head, he believed that the public reacts not to actual   events but to the pictures in our head.Therefore the agenda setting   process is used to remodel all the events occurring in our environment,   into   a simpler model before we deal with it. Researchers Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw have then followed this concept. McCombs and Shaw as pointed out by Littlejohn have best described the agenda setting function   in their book  Emergence of American Political Issues. In this book the authors point out that there is abundantly collected evidence that editors and broadcasters  Ã‚   play an important part   as they go through their day to day tasks   in deciding and publicizing news. This impact of the mass media- the ability to effect cognitive ch ange among among individuals, to structure their thinking- has been labeled the agenda-setting function of mass communication. Here may lie   the most important effect of mass communication, its ability to mentally order and organize our world for us. In short, the mass media may not be successful in telling us what to think, but they are stunningly successful in telling us what to think about. (McCombs and Shaw, 5) The common assumption of agenda- setting is that the ability of the media to influence the visibility of events in the public mind   has been apart of our culture for almost half a century. Therefore the concept of agenda setting in our society is for the press to selectively choose what we see or hear in the media. 2. Development Communication You must also know that communication is used as an empowerment tool. In other words, communication is used as a tool to facilitate the participation of people in development activities.Knowledge and information are essential for people to successfully respond to the opportunities and challenges of social, economic and technological changes. But to be useful, knowledge and information must be effectively communicated to people. Millions of people in developing countries are excluded from a wide range of information and knowledge, with the rural poor in particular remaining isolated from both traditional media and new information and communication technologies which would improve their life. Here, in ‘development communication’, you see that there are two words- ‘development’ and ‘communication’.By now, you know what communication means. You have also learnt that communication is a message understood or sharing of experience. When we refer to communication, in the context of development, we refer to various types of communication like interpersonal, group and mass communication. Now let’s try and understand the term ‘development’. It is not easy t o define this as it depends on the context. Development is about change. It is about changing for the better. It could be about social or economic change for improvement or progress.When we refer to development communication, it is about such communication that can be used for development. It is about using communication to change or improve something. Here we use different types of messages to change the socio-economic condition of people. These messages are designed to transform the behaviour of people or for improving their quality of life. Therefore, development communication can be defined as the use of communication to promote development. Those who write or produce programmes on issues related to development are called development communicators.Role of a development communicator The development communicator plays a very significant role in explaining the development process to the common people in such a way that it finds acceptance. In order to achieve this objective a devel opment communicator: – has to understand the process of development and communication; – should possess knowledge in professional techniques and should know the audience; – prepare and distribute development messages to millions of people in such a way that they are received and understood, accepted and applied.

Food Adulteration Essay

Kraft Foods offer a wide variety of products. They offer delicious foods and beverages for every lifestyle on the go. While exploring the website of Kraft seems to define their product mix as foods that are geared more towards the people on the go. I would define their product mix as health/wellness foods, quick fix meals, snacks and beverages as well as offering a Premium line of foods. In their health/wellness foods they offer products in a â€Å"light† form such as things like Philadelphia light cream cheese and reduce fat cookies. For meals on the go or quick fix meals Kraft have designed meals like the Kraft Mac & Cheese Cups, frozen meals and sandwich kits. They offer a wide variety of snack foods including everyone’s favorite cookie Oreo’s and Splendips. The Premium line that Kraft offers includes foods like DiGornio Pizza and Oscar Myer bacon. Kraft offers 8 product lines with over 50 different brands. Kraft’s product mix is the offering of their premium foods, such as DiGornao Ultimate Pizza which is made as a higher quality pizza then the standard. Tombstone Mexican Style Pizza is offered as a convenience food as a favorite food of teenage boys. It was designed for the ease of cooking a easy, quick, healthy meal. Tang is real fruit goodness of oranges. Everyone will surely love its sweet, refreshing flavor plus the added nutrition it gives. It is also instant drink mix offering the convenience food again. South Beach Diet foods are part of their healthy yet, convenience foods. The line offers alternatives to other popular diet fads. South Beach Diet foods play on wholegrain and the correct or right fats like canola oil and olive oil. In this line they also offer bars for a fast way to fill a craving during the day.

Court News Essay

Editorial Despite our report of the 30th November regarding her majesty’s speech to the House of Commons in which she stated she would act only for the good of her people, it has to be admitted that there is still an air of disquiet in the country regarding the future of the monarchy. The queen, although still in good health in body and mind, is now in her 68th year and the length of her reign is unprecedented. The future of a Protestant monarchy must be assured for the sake of the country, its stability and role in Europe. Around the World It is reported by our correspondent in Utrecht that a burgher of that city, one Oliver Van Noort, a former inn keeper, has recently completed a three year voyage in which he claims to have sailed completely around the world. His voyage, which he reported in a letter to the authorities in the Netherlands caused much excitement. Theatre News, by J. Q. Adams Mr William Shakespeare, author of such entertainments as ‘Julius Caesar’ which was well received, has this year come up with two new plays in contrast. The Merry Wives of Windsor’ is a light hearted comedy to lift the dullest spirits. It features that lovable rogue, Falstaff. , known of course from earlier works. This can be seen for the price of one penny every Monday and Tuesday at the Globe Theatre, Southwark. As this is such a popular play there will be extra boat men around to ferry passengers. For those of a more serious turn of mind the tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, the title role being played by Mr Richard Burbage and the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, will be performed on Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday. Fashion K. Emerson Spain continues to be a major influence upon English fashions. The work of Mistress Dinghen Vanderplasse with her knowledge of starching methods continues to be important, especially as ruffs remain in fashion, though they tend to be on smaller scale than on previous years. Silk, hand knitted, stockings were a popular present for many ladies this Christmas past, including her majesty, despite the cold weather. The majority though still prefer stockings of cloth or wool for both durability and warmth. The farthingale, so popular at court, as can be seen in her majesty’s recent portrait, has been estimated to have reached a width of 48 inches in some cases. Will this impractical garment continue to be fashionable in the new century? Recent Legislation by E. Cubberley The recently enacted, and much needed, Poor Law is already bringing changes in our society. It says much for the legislature that they have taken such care to ensure the care of unfortunates. Poor children will be properly apprenticed and trained in a trade as well as in their letters.. The richer member of society will fulfill their social obligations by providing supplies for the poorer folk in difficult times. No more should we have to report upon poor waifs being found starved to death in harsh weather s happened last winter when the harvest was so poor. And think of the benefit to the country of so many young people properly equipped for a trade This, together with the stopping of the monopolies which favored only a few, will benefit all of her majesty’s subjects.

Whistleblowing. Whistle Blowing Issues That a Potential Whistleblower Essay

Whistleblowing. Whistle Blowing Issues That a Potential Whistleblower Should Consider Before Blowing a Whistle in the Public Sector - Essay Example Secondly, he should consider whether the issue involves are a breach of legal obligation like a contractual obligation awarded to the said officer. Thirdly, the case should involve an issue where justice was not effectively and fairly awarded to a victim or a party. Fourthly, the case should be one involving an issue concerning the endangerment of the public like a health or war issue. Lastly, the whistle blower should consider the issue of the state’s security by revealing such information to various parties as it might lead to chaos and unrest among the public. A case example of whistle blowing against the public sector involves where an individuals notices some abnormities in the armed service recruitment process. An example is when the concerned armed service officials are not selecting individuals based on their qualifications, but based on bribes, tribalism, nepotism or favors given to them. The second example is when a public servant tasked with ministerial office uses the office for selfish materialist gains like engaging with unscrupulous dealers to provide the public with poor quality products whose origins and sale have not been certified with the body concerned with monitoring of goods sold to the public (Arszulowicz & Gasparski, 2011, 97). . The Wikileaks Case as Whistle Blowing Case In my opinion, Wikileaks case is a whistle blowing cases as evidenced in many issues being raised about the company by various individuals. Most cases being brought up by the company against individuals or companies always involves circumstances where various issues are being perpetrated against the citizens or an individual. An example is the PFC or the Bradley Manning case where he believed that the issues Wikileaks was whistle blowing on has the capability of plunging the country into a state of unrest or would jeopardize the security of the nation. This was an issue concerning the armed services and the whistleblower has every intention to believe that their activities would lead to an overkill of various civilians involved. Manning provided a video that killed numerous citizens in Baghdad to the public which showed them of the government’s irresponsibility in taking care of the civilians. In my views, this information revealed the government’s role in failing to deliver its legal obligation to protect the citizens even in times of emergency (Arszulowicz & Gasparski, 2011, 45). . The Pros and Cons of the False Claim Act That Offers Payment to Whistle Blowers False claim Act cases are known to offer payment to whistle blowers because it considers the whistle blower as a significant person in aiding in the process of justice to the citizens and various parties concerned. However, false claims acts have both advantages and disadvantages to the whistle blowers in numerous instances. Advantages The false claim offers a pay-out to the whistle blower as way of showing gratitude in revealing various unethical issues happening in various state departments or aiding in the process of finding justice to various helpless victims who are not capable of protecting themselves. Secondly, false claim act offers payment to the whistle blower by ensuring public safety for various concerned individuals and stakeholders. A whistle blower will feel satisfied because the issue he or she has raised was disturbing to him and that is why he decided to blow the whistle on various concerned officials. When concerned officials take responsibility of a disturbing issue confessed by a whistle blower, then the whistle blower feels that he or she is compensated as his worries are addressed. Thirdly, many

A global organizational theory for the 21st century Assignment

A global organizational theory for the 21st century - Assignment Example Organizational theory, in the present era has become imperative for effective functioning of the organization in global environment. Organizational theory provides modern treatment to the managers to perform better task in the organization for attaining specific objectives of the organization and deliver goods or services to consumers in such a way that there is maximization of profit at the end of the transaction.This paper tries to cover the brief description of global organizational theory in the 21st century embracing all the modern management theories. The rest of the project includes all the recent issues related to ethics, politics, cross cultural communication and parochialism and ethnocentricism. Lastly it emphasizes on the results of implementing new things in the organization for global relations and terconnectedness.Organizational Behavior can be defined as the study of what people think, feel and do in and around the organizations. It is the activities of the people who are working together in an organization to reach common goals or objectives. Organization consists of people with attitudes, cultures, beliefs, norms and principles. The Organizational Behavior facilitates the procedure of explaining, understanding, predicting, and maintaining and altering employees’ behavior in organizational surroundings.Leadership in the 21st century brings changes in conceptualize thinking, personal practice, organizational application. Leadership qualities develop in the individuals who have the capacity to influence, motivate and inspire others. 21st century leadership is holistic in nature and is related to mind, heart, spirit and energy of the individuals. Leadership development shifts from the individual to the group of people. In the present scenario, leaders always try to keep them update and overcome the weakness by understanding them (Sandmann & Vandenberg, 1995). Global Organizational Theory An organization is a designed social structure where g roups of individuals work collectively to meet certain common objectives. Organizational theories are the backbone of the field of organizational studies. This has the purpose for analyzing the resources of the organization particularly human resources for understanding the structures, the functions and the properties for increasing the productivity and gratification. It is the study of organizations to solve problems, meet the needs of stakeholders and maximize the efficiency and output.   Classical theory put forward that there is a single way to generate and run an organization. But current theory set diverse approach of the organization based on its size, technical requirements, situation, environment and nature of industry. Since the organizational theories are interdisciplinary in their approach, diverse fields such as sociology, anthropology, economics, psychology and political science are described in this theory. Organizational studies apply facts and modeling with other social science for proper functioning of the organization (ISCID, 2005). Management Theory The modern management theory was evolved in the nineteenth century and in the twentieth century revolution, the management theory changed from traditional theory to the Japanese management approach. Through these theories managers of the organizat

Airline Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Airline Regulation - Essay Example Also, back then, ticket prices did not depend on the time of purchase (Whitaker 7). If a flight was missed for any reason, the ticket is still valid for the next available flight and on any alternate airline flying the same route; all this without any additional cost for the passenger. Reservations too were much simpler – all it took was a phone call. There was enough room to stretch one’s legs and the food was much better that what is being dished up these days (The Economist 67). However, it is through conscious consumer choice - where cheaper prices were preferred to luxurious traveling experience – that the changes came about. Hence, this line of argument for re-regulation is weak and not sound. Much had been said about the reduced prices during the de-regulated period. However, there are some definite costs, though not very conspicuous. The recent plane crash accidents are a good example. The December 1994 crash of American Eagle ATR 72 and the ValuJet McDonnell Douglas DC-10 crash had significantly added to the public unrest. Analysts now generally agree that â€Å"low-cost† is synonymous to â€Å"high-risk†. The airlines industry had promoted the concept of â€Å"low-cost† travel quite successfully, but there is a lot of illusion attached to it. The advertisements don’t reveal the complete reality – minimum seat-pitch, cheap meals, inconvenient scheduling, etc. There is also evidence that security had been compromised on more than a few occasions in the name of cost-saving. In this circumstance, regulative restrictions on the marketing practices of the industry are quite appropriate. The regulations would screen for deceptive or unreali stic claims. It will lead to more factual advertisements that serve the public need for accurate and reliable information. It will also empower the consumer in demanding more stringent security standards, especially in light of the events of September the 11th. (Whitaker 7) An

Salt lake city Airport should not set the indoor smoking area Essay

Salt lake city Airport should not set the indoor smoking area - Essay Example It is even more ironic to note that the tobacco industry is poised to help the airport management setup more indoor smoking areas through an array of architecture and deigning affiliated fronts, maintained and funded by it (ANRF 2). This is indeed a cause of immense concerns for the common citizens, as well as for the parents and their children. The maintenance and permission of indoor smoking areas in a way encourages the unhealthy addiction of smoking. Therefore, not only the indoor smoking areas should be dismantled and discouraged in a public place like Salt Lake City Airport, but parents and concerned citizens should also submit petitions to the airport management, so as to dissuade them from setting the indoor smoking areas. Many experts tend to put forward the assertion that though smoking is a bad habit, adult smokers should be allowed to continue with such habit if they feel like or are convinced about doing so. Well, that may sound very democratic, but then one may say that people should be allowed to harm themselves if they are convinced about doing so. The fact is that smoking is a known and verified cause of an array of diseases and therefore it should be assertively discouraged at public places, and more so at places like airports (Grinberg 1). Smoking is something that is not only hazardous for the smokers using the indoor smoking areas, but it is also definitely harmful for the people moving around those areas. Indoor smoking areas are really as bad as the non-smoking areas at the restaurants, because no matter whatever precautions are taken or what ventilation devices are installed in an indoor smoking area, some secondhand smoke is bound to seep into the non-smoking areas at the airports (Gr inberg 1). Moreover, indoor smoking areas set at the Salt Lake City Airport send a message to the smokers that smoking is a permissible thing and it is all

One Time Passwords Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

One Time Passwords - Research Paper Example The new passwords are generated by the system using a one-way hash function (Bhaiji, 2009). Challenge/response: This type also uses mathematical algorithm, but with a challenge function. In this type, the user needs to generate a one-time password by entering a challenge (a random number or secret key), received at the time of login, into the password-generating token/software. Since new passwords are based on a challenge mechanism instead of being based on previous password, this type offers more security as compared to mathematical algorithm type (Bhaiji, 2009). Time-synchronized: In this type, passwords are generated by the system using a physical hardware token that has an accurate clock synchronized with the clock on the authentication server (Bhaiji, 2009). OTP technology is a type of multifactor (two-factor) authentication access control which provides strong user authentication for secure access. Two-factor authentication refers to the combination of any two of the three basic forms of one-factor authentication mechanism: something the user knows such as a password, pass phrase or PIN (personal identification number), something the user possesses such as a smart card or access token (hardware or software), and something physically unique about the user such as a fingerprint, voice, retina or iris scan, or DNA sequence (Samuelle, 2008). If the intruder is able to guess a randomly generated OTP somehow, he will be able to access the system only once because subsequent access would require him to get lucky again guessing a randomly generated OTP. The major problem of OTPs is that no user can ever able to remember them because they are generated in bulk and stored in a file on a system. Therefore, OTPs are vulnerable to eavesdropping because if someone knows that the passwords are stored in the file, and then he can gain unauthorized access to the user’s account where he can then install keystroke-capturing

Continuity Editing and Montage Editing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Continuity Editing and Montage Editing - Essay Example Filming sports events such as golf are a good example of continuity editing. In the second kind of editing called Montage Editing, the film editor tries to tie in random events in a sequence that suggest they have all been filmed at one time, or indeed very close to one another- but this is not necessarily so. It is the editing style that suggests the continuity of events. Coming to the film Psycho (1960) and the clip The Shower, we see that the film editor has used a continuity shot till the woman closes the door and steps into the bathtub- in the middle is a cut as she disrobes, naturally. Then there is a montage of sorts as she steps in the tub, starts the overhead shower and tests with her hand before proceeding to lather herself with soap. A break and we realize that even as she has busied herself in this fashion, the murderer is about to strike and does. As the victim falls, the camera is keenly focused on her, while it breaks away and shows that she is bringing down part of th e shower curtain with her as she slumps to the floor. We then see her blood flowing into the outlet at the bottom. Then later her eye is in focus as the film backs out into a wider angle showing her face as she lies fallen. In contrast the clip She Wouldn’t Even Harm a Fly, a major part of the footage concentrating on Norman wrapped in a blanket is shot in continuity even as the camera moves in and out for focus as it shows him obviously trying to garner some sympathy by not even swatting flies that alight on his arm- the only break is towards the end when the car is pulled out of the water. Music and sound mixed with narrative dialogue also play a major part in film making- they can help create atmospheres of suspense, horror, comedy and the like. The three major types of sound in film can be classified as Dialogue, Music and Sound Effects.

Current event(news within the last 30 days) in Europe and provide a Essay

Current event(news within the last 30 days) in Europe and provide a 1-2 paragraph summary about it - Essay Example Ultimately, the European members of the G-20 were satisfied with the results of the meeting, including the French President and the German Finance Minister (Levitz, 2011). France, which currently stands as president of the G-20, hosted the meeting in Paris. Part of the results of the conference was the selection of economic indicators that the G-20 would use to monitor the health of the world economy. One of these indicators, the summit decided, would not be falling or rising exchange rates. Many believe this is because China exerted pressure, amidst criticism, on the other countries to remove this factor from consideration. However, the broad consensus from other major economies is that China needs to allow their exchange rates to adjust in response to market forces. This compromise and pushback from G-20 members is a signal of what is to come in terms of Europe’s relationship to China and its economies. As the Chinese economy continues to grow, Europe faces the problem of de aling with that power in a way that is both fair to Chinese interests and equitable to European interests. Another economic indicator that came under consideration at the G-20 summit was the prices of commodities, which unlike exchange rates, will be used to monitor the health of the global economy. ... Likewise, this may be due to growth in the Chinese economy, which is roughly four times larger than it was at the start of market reforms in 1978 (Sachs, 2011). A point of interest brought up at the G-20 conference was the effect of global climate change on the food shortage, and the difficulties that such changes pose to creating a sustainable diet for the Earth’s population. The G-20 summit, of course, addressed turmoil in Egypt and Tunisia. With such political instability, the responsibility seems to fall on the most stable economies in the world, which primarily belong to the European countries, to help stabilize those countries. Like the American banking crisis, this process of reforming one part to bring the entire system back to health is one that will be played out on the global scale. In many ways, food shortages and underdeveloped economies is what led to the political unrest in Egypt seen throughout the month of February that eventually led to the toppling of a dict atorial government. Thus, the issues that the G-20 addressed seem to be all connected in some way. Even though these problems came to the fore in Egypt, developed countries in the G-20 membership still suffer from high rates of unemployment and soaring commodity prices, as the G-20 members discussed. These decisions to help stabilize unstable economies in order to support the economic problems seen in Europe is one that will have tremendous, lasting consequences for the European nations and the G-20 membership. Works Cited Levitz, D. (2011, February 19). G20 reaches compromise on economic indicators. Retrieved February 28, 2011, from Deutsche Welle:

Supply Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain Management Essay Storage has always been an important aspect of economic development. For manufacturers, strategic warehousing offered a way to reduce holding or dwell time of materials and parts. On the outbound side of manufacturing, warehouses can be used to create product assortments for customer shipment. An important charge in warehousing is maximum flexibility. Ideally a warehouse will simultaneously provide economic and service benefits. Warehouses offer many economic benefits for companies. One economic benefit of a warehouse is derived from the ability to consolidate products from a number of production plants into large, consolidated shipments delivered to customers. Also, big shipments from production plants are often broken into smaller shipments and arranged for local delivery. Break bulk shipments significantly reduce freight costs. In addition, warehouses allow production to be postponed or delayed until actual demand is certain. Once demand is determined in terms of product type and quantity, minor processing can quickly make final products available, reducing inventory requirements. Warehouses also provide buffers for seasonality, improve production efficiency, and support marketing efforts that often send logistics managers scrambling to meet surges in demand. Economic benefits of warehousing occur when overall logistics costs are reduced. For example, if adding a warehouse in a logistical system reduces overall transportation cost by an amount greater than required investment and operational cost, then total cost will be reduced. When total cost reductions are achievable, the warehouse is economically justified. Four basic economic benefits are: Consolidation and Break-bulk, Sorting, Seasonal storage, and Reverse logistics. The economic benefits of consolidation and break-bulk are to reduce transportation cost by using warehouse capability to increase shipment economies of scale. Consolidation occurs when a warehouse pull together small shipments from a number of sources and combine them into larger, more economical, shipping loads intended for same location. Small, flexible shipment in. Large, economical shipments out. The benefits of consolidation are the lower in transportation cost as goods could be ship full truckload and quicker delivery instead of transporting the products as small shipments from different sources. With larger volume, you are able to get the lower rates, improved service, shorter transit time and less handling of your freight. Economy of scale is achieved by transporting the large shipment from origin to destination. Break-bulk occurs when a warehouse receive bulk shipments and breaking these small shipments for delivery to various customer. Break-bulk warehouse operations are similar to consolidation except there no storage is performed. The long-distance transportation movement is a large shipment, transport cost is lower and there is less difficulty in tracking. Both consolidation and break-bulk arrangement use warehouse capacity to improve transportation efficiency. Many logistical arrangement involve both consolidation and break-bulk. How do warehouses perform assortment? The basic benefit of sorting is done to reconfigure freight as it flows from origin to destination. There are three types of assortments performed in the warehouses namely – Cross docking, Mixing, and Assembly are widely performed in logistical systems. The objective of cross-docking is to combine inventory from multiple origins into an assortment for a specific customer. This operation is used by retailers for the fast moving store inventories. The distributor cross dock process consolidates inbound products from different vendor into mixed product pallet, which is delivered to the customer when the final item is received. The transportation cross dock process combines shipments from a number of different carriers in the less-than-truckload ( LTL ) and small package industries to gain economy of scale. The retail cross dock process involves the receipt of products from multiple vendors and sorting onto outbound trucks for a number of retail stores. The benefits of cross docking is to reduction in cost, as the product no longer requires picking and put away in the warehouse. The reduction in time from production to customer, which helps improve customer satisfaction. The reduction in the need for warehouse space, as there is no requirement to storage of products. The objective of supply mixing is to support manufacturing operations. Products and components are supplied to a mixing warehouse located in close proximity to the manufacturing plant, when requested by the plant, necessary sortation will be carried out and ship to the plant directly. It is a popular strategy to support manufacturing firms with JIT (Just-In-Time) and MRP ( Materials Requirement Planning) system. Mixing is performed at an intermediate location between shipment origin and destination. In this process the inbound products are combined with those regularly stored at the warehouse. The net effect is to reduce the overall product storage in a logistical system while achieving customer specific assortment and minimizing transportation cost. Assembly supports manufacturing operations. The components from a variety of second tier suppliers are assembled in a warehouse located close to the manufacturing plant. Products and components are assembled from a variety of second-tier suppliers by a warehouse, often referred to as lead suppliers or tier one suppliers, located in close proximity to the manufacturing plant. While manufacturing organizations have traditionally performed assembly, it has become common to utilize value-added services performed by a lead or tier one supplier or an integrated service provider (ISP) to sort, sequence, and deliver components when needed in manufacturing. Like cross-docking and mixing, assembly serves to achieve a process grouping of inventory at a precise time and location. The direct economic benefit of storage is to accommodate seasonal production or demand. For example, Santa Clarita storage and toys are typically produced year-round but are sold only during a very short marketing period. In contrast, agricultural products are harvested at specific times, with subsequent consumption occurring throughout the year. Both situations require inventory storage to support marketing efforts. Storage provides an inventory buffer, which allows production efficientcies within the constraints imposed by material sources and consumers. Reverse logistics is concerned with controlled and regular inventory. Controlled inventory consists of hazardous materials and product recalls that have potential consumer health or environmental considerations. The reclamation of controlled inventory must be performed under strict operating scrutiny that prevents improper disposal. As one might expect, varied governmental agencies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Department of Transportation (DOT), the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), are directly involved in disposal of controlled inventory. A broader perspective includes all relating to logistics activities carried out in source reduction, recycling, substitution, reuse of materials and disposal† , Council of Logistics Management. This means that, reverse logistics are basically discarded products, used products, products or parts previously shipped, hazardous and non-hazardous waste from packages and products, information, raw material, in process inventory and finished goods. Currently, reverse logistics deals not only with return processing but also with repair, customer service, parts management, end-of-life manufacturing and order fulfillment. Less attention has traditionally focused on reclamation of regular inventory.

Gender roles in language acquisition Essay Example for Free

Gender roles in language acquisition Essay We reprimand our daughters for being bossy and praise our sons for showing such assertiveness. These were the sentiments expressed during Sheryl Sandburg book promotion tour in early 2013. Mrs Sandberg is largely accepted as one of the most successful female businessperson in modern society. During her many lectures and academic interviews she essentially cited her success as the result of going against the gender norm for women. Although specifically referring to the business world, does Sheryl have a point? Are we reinforcing gender roles in the words we promote and discourage our children to use? It is largely accepted across both linguistic and psychology fields that girls develop their language skill in: understands, quantity, quality and range of vocabulary acquired at an earlier age and faster rate than their male counterparts. A very recent study by Rikard Bauman in 2010 (Stockholm University Press) explored vocabulary growth and language production in pre-school children. It is suggested that at 22 months girls have a more extensive vocabulary than boys due to capacity differences; however, at 34 months such a pattern cannot be found. Furthermore it is suggested that gender affects language production in the sense that male and female speakers will prefer to produce words that are associated with their culture’s definition of masculinity and femininity. The study on vocabulary growth is based on the assumption that TTR (type/token ratio) reflects vocabulary size and it proves that, at 22 months, girls have a more extensive vocabulary than boys; however, at 34 months such a pattern is less obvious, if any conclusion can be drawn it is that boys have a slightly larger vocabulary than girls. The study on language production is focused on verb production and it shows that boys and girls prefer verbs that are associated with common stereotypes of masculinity and femininity. It seems that these gender distinctions are not unique to the English language or the Western world as Found when examining the Japanese language. according to Eleanor Harz Jorden, when learning language in Japan children learn that there are some words and some grammatical constructions that are associated explicitly with men or boys, while others are associated with women or girls. Such differences are sometimes called gendered language. In Japanese, speech patterns associated with women are referred to as onna kotoba (womens words) or joseigo , womens language). In general, the words and speech patterns associated with men are seen as rough, vulgar, or abrupt, while those associated with women are considered more polite, more deferential, or softer. Some linguists consider the rough/soft continuum more accurate than the male/female continuum. For example, Eleanor Harz Jorden in Japanese: The Spoken Language refers to the styles as blunt/gentle, rather than male/female. There are no gender differences in written Japanese (except in quoted speech), and almost no differences in polite speech (teineigo), since males take on softer speech, except for the fact that women may be more likely to use polite speech in the first place. The word onnarashii , which is usually translated as ladylike or feminine, refers to the behaviour expected of a typical Japanese woman. As well as behaving in particular ways, being onnarashii means conforming to particular styles of speech. Some of the features of women’s speech include speaking in a higher register, using more polite forms and using polite speech or honorifics in more situations, and referring to themselves and those they address more formally. Some linguistic features commonly associated with women include omission of the copula da, the use of personal pronouns such as watashi or atashi among others, use of feminine sentence-final particles such as wa, na no, kashira, and mashoo, and the more frequent use of the honorific prefixes o and go. According to Katsue Akiba Reynolds, ladylike speech is instrumental in keeping Japanese women in traditional roles and reflects Japanese society’s concept of the difference between women and men.[4] For example, there is the potential for conflict for women in the workplace in that, to be onnarashii, a woman must speak politely, submissively and humbly, yet to command respect as a superior, she must be assertive, self-assured, and direct, even when dealing with male subordinates. Actual language used by Japanese-speaking women differs from these ideals. Such onnarashii speech is a norm that institutions such as education and media encourage women to adopt. Similarly, these forms may be prescribed for women learners by Japanese textbooks and other materials. There are, however various deviations from these norms in conversation. Although Japanese women may not follow the gender norm in speech, some linguistic studies indicate that Japanese women tend to use more honorific language than men do, which reinforces the idea of onnarashii and traditional gender roles.[5] Traditional characteristics of Japanese mens speech [edit] Just as there are modes of speaking and behaviour that are considered intrinsically feminine, there are also those that are considered intrinsically masculine. In speech, being otokorashii (manly or masculine) means speaking in a lower register, using fewer polite forms and using them in fewer situations, and using intrinsically masculine words. Research on Japanese mens speech shows greater use of neutral forms, forms not strongly associated with masculine or feminine speech, than is seen in Japanese womens speech. Scholars argue that men use typically masculine forms to assert their own authority and knowledge of themselves. Some studies of conversation between Japanese men and women show neither gender taking a more dominant position in interaction. Men, however, tend to show a self-oriented conversation style, telling stories and expressing their expertise on topics being discussed, than is typical of women in these studies. Gender differences in modern society :- As women gain an increasing leadership role in Japanese society, notions of onnarashisa and otokorashisa, that is, what is deemed appropriate behaviour for men and women, have evolved over time. Although comparatively more extreme movements call for the elimination of gender differences in the Japanese language (gender-neutral language), convergence in usage is considered unlikely and may not even be desirable. Instead, trends in actual usage indicate that women are feeling more comfortable using traditional characteristics of female speech (such as wa) while still maintaining an assertive attitude on par with men. In other words, there is a gradual decoupling of language forms and traditional cultural expectations. Although the characteristics of Japanese male speech have been largely unaffected, there has been an increasing sensitivity regarding certain usages (such as changing the terms used to refer to mature women -chan) that may be considered offensive. Regional dialect may often play a role in the expression and perception masculinity or femininity of speech in Japanese. Another recent phenomenon influencing established femininity in speech is the popularity of Okama, very feminine men as popular Geinoujin (television personalities). While homosexuality and transgenderism is still a fairly taboo subject in Japan, lesbians with male traits, or cross-dressers, are referred to as onabe or tachi. Problems for Japanese learners [edit] Without the proper instruction by fluent Japanese speakers and/or teachers, non-native persons risk learning and expressing themselves inappropriately to native Japanese. Compounding the difficulty of language acquisition, formal instruction may emphasise learning the polite forms of expression (that favour female students) while glossing over informal expression (that favour male students) and honorifics (distinguishes natives from foreigners). It is important for non-natives to be instructed by members of the same sex or be aware that mere mimicry may not have the expected results. In addition to the use of pronouns to refer to oneself and others, the use of titles also is strongly influenced by gender-based overtones and is another source of potential problems for the non-native speaker. The situation is further complicated by regional variation. For example, in many regions of Japan it is common for older men to refer to themselves as boku or older women to refer to themselves as ore. How does this relate to language spoken in the Western world? Opinion is, as is often the case, divided. AGAINST 1) other major influences Mahsa Saligheh Revisiting Age and GenderInfluence in Second Language Acquisition 2012 states, There is no doubt that language acquisition process is a complex process which involves several factors, and that this process is highly influenced due to plasticity of the brain. Furthermore, the types of memory systems involved in females and males are also have a pivotal role that makes the genders distinct. The researchers claim, age and gender, are among the factors that run in parallel with other factors that deeply influence language acquisition process such as motivation, personality, styles, strategies, gender and age. The present study attempts to investigate the last two factors: age and gender. Given the importance placed on the role on age and gender, the researchers hold they are not the necessary conditions for second language acquisition. However, the writers claim that genetically there are some benefits that can be reaped for those who begin L2 acquisition early. Furthermore, both males and females are equipped with some predetermined tendencies that would be helpful for them to acquire some aspects of language much faster and easier. 2) biological basis Mar. 5, 2008 — Although researchers have long agreed that girls have superior language abilities than boys, until now no one has clearly provided a biological basis that may account for their differences. For the first time and in unambiguous findings researchers from Northwestern University and the University of Haifa show both that, areas of the brain associated with language work harder in girls than in boys during language tasks, and that boys and girls rely on different parts of the brain when performing these tasks. Our findings which suggest that language processing is more sensory in boys and more abstract in girls could have major implications for teaching children and even provide support for advocates of single sex classrooms, said Douglas D. Burman, research associate in Northwesterns Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences The researchers measured brain activity (using functional magnetic resonance imaging) in 31 boys and in 31 girls aged 9 to 15 as they performed spelling and writing language tasks. The tasks were delivered in two sensory modalities visual and auditory. When visually presented, the children read certain words without hearing them. Presented in an auditory mode, they heard words aloud but did not see them. Using a complex statistical model, Burman and Pepper accounted for differences associated with age, gender, type of linguistic judgment, performance accuracy and the method (written or spoken) in which words were presented. The researchers found that girls still showed significantly greater activation in language areas of the brain than boys. The information in the tasks got through to girls language areas of the brain (areas associated with abstract thinking through language). And their performance accuracy correlated with the degree of activation in some of these language areas. To their astonishment, however, this was not the case for boys. Boys accurate performance when reading words depended on how hard visual areas of the brain worked. In hearing words, boys performance depended on how hard auditory areas of the brain worked. If that pattern extends to language processing that occurs in the classroom, it could inform teaching and testing methods. Given boys sensory approach, boys might be more effectively evaluated on knowledge gained from lectures via oral tests and on knowledge gained by reading via written tests. For girls, whose language processing appears more abstract in approach, these different testing methods would appear unnecessary. One possibility is that boys have some kind of bottleneck in their sensory processes that can hold up visual or auditory information and keep it from being fed into the language areas of the brain, Burman said. This could result simply from girls developing faster than boys, in which case the differences between the sexes might disappear by adulthood. Or, an alternative explanation is that boys create visual and auditory associations such that meanings associated with a word are brought to mind simply from seeing or hearing the word. While the second explanation puts males at a disadvantage in more abstract language function, those kinds of sensory associations may have provided an evolutionary advantage for primitive men whose survival required them to quickly recognise danger-associated sights and sounds. If the pattern of females relying on an abstract language network and of males relying on sensory areas of the brain extends into adulthood (a still unresolved question) it could explain why women often provide more context and abstract representation than men. Ask a woman for directions and you may hear something like: Turn left on Main Street, go one block past the drug store, and then turn right, where theres a flower shop on one corner and a cafe across the street. Such information-laden directions may be helpful for women because all information is relevant to the abstract concept of where to turn; however, men may require only one cue and be distracted by additional information. Conclusion Alongside most if not all empirical and theoretical evidence involving human beings it is impossible to make concrete and definite conclusions. Having extrapolated the information the most obvious conclusion can only deduce Is this only evident in childhood, does the distinction disappear by adulthood or was Sandberg right in stating that the division in language between the sexes continues through life. References Burman is primary author of Sex Differences in Neural Processing of Language Among Children. Co-authored by James R. Booth (Northwestern University) and Tali Bitan (University of Haifa). Jorden, Eleanor Harz; Noda, Mari (1987). Japanese: The Spoken Language. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03834-7. Siegal, Meryl; Okamoto, Shigeko (2003). Toward reconceptualizing the teaching and learning of gendered speech styles in Japanese as a Foreign Language. Japanese Language and Literature 37 (1): 49–66. Retrieved 2013-4-26. Kazuko, Ashizawa (1998). Mangajins Basic Japanese Through Comics. Weatherhill. ISBN 0-8348-0452-2. Reynolds, Katsue Akiba (1990). Female Speakers of Japanese in Transition. Aspects of Japanese Womens Language (Tokyo: Kurosio). Tanaka, Lidia (2004). Gender, Language and Culture: A Study of Japanese Television Interview Discourse. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3079-9. Sreetharan, Cindi Sturtz (2004). Students, sarariiman (pl.), and seniors: Japanese mens use of †²manly†² speech register. Language in Society 33 (01). doi:10.1017/S0047404504031045. ISSN 0047-4045. ^ Itakura, Hiroko; Tsui, Amy B. M. (2004). Gender and conversational dominance in Japanese conversation. Language in Society 33 (02). doi:10.1017/S0047404504332033. ISSN 0047-4045.

Case Report: Topiramate Induced Myopia

Case Report: Topiramate Induced Myopia G.Srinivasagopalan Gopalsamy, Murali Mohan Mohan, Sudhakar Sankar Tamilnadu, India Abstract Topiramate (sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide) is a broad spectrum newer anti-convulsant. It is also used in prophylaxis of migraine, cluster headache, bipolar affective disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, post herpetic neuralgia , relapse prevention in alcohol dependence syndrome, add on treatment for antipsychotic induced weight gain. Acute Myopia and angle closure glaucoma are some of the rare side effects of topiramate. This case highlights the development of myopia in a middle aged patient with alcohol dependence syndrome while he was on topiramate therapy. Keywords: Topiramate, alcohol dependence syndrome, angle closure glaucoma, myopia. INTRODUCTION Topiramate is a sulfamate substituted monosaccharide, a broad spectrum anticonvulsant acting on voltage dependent sodium channels, enhancement of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), decrease in glutamate and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase. We (the psychiatrists) use topiramate to treat migraine, cluster headache, bipolar affective disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, post herpetic neuralgia , relapse prevention in alcohol dependence syndrome, add on treatment for antipsychotic induced weight gain1. Some of the rare side effects of topiramate are acute myopia and angle closure glaucoma. We report a case of topiramate induced transient myopia in a patient who had been started on topiramate for relapse prevention in alcohol dependence syndrome. CASE REPORT A 35 year old married male, lower middle socio economic status from rural background, working in a private company presented to the outpatient services of our department of psychiatry with 10 years history of alcohol use amounting to dependence and two weeks history of blurred vision and headache. Patient was diagnosed as a case of alcohol dependence syndrome – uncomplicated withdrawal state (F10.30) as per International Classification of Diseases (ICD) ‑10 criteria. He was admitted for detoxification and on eliciting history; it was found that he had been commenced on oral topiramate 50 mg/day 3 weeks previously by a private psychiatrist for his alcohol use. The patient had no history of hypertension, diabetes or glaucoma, he had never worn glasses and there was no history of injury to eyes or head and no history of withdrawal seizures. He was referred to department of ophthalmology for blurred vision. Ophthalmic opinion on the day of admission suggested refractive err ors bilaterally with left eye myopia of -2.5 diopters and right eye myopia of -3.5 diopters with shallow anterior chamber and normal pupils and lens on slit lamp examination and normal intra ocular pressure on tonometry. After this ophthalmologic report, topiramate was stopped immediately by us thinking that it could have induced myopia. Other routine investigations were normal and detoxification with oral lorazepam and thiamine supplementation continued along with motivation enhancement sessions by psychologist. Patient reported gradual clinical improvement in his vision. Repeat ophthalmologic consultation on the 7th day of admission showed significant improvement in visual acuity and refraction with left eye myopia of 0.75 diopters and right eye myopia of 0.75 diopters .Because of our early intervention, angle closure glaucoma was averted in our case. DISCUSSION The most frequently reported side effects for Topiramote are dizziness, mental slowing, somnolence, ataxia, impaired concentration and confusion2. Most of these are transient and observed during the initial weeks of therapy and can be reduced by slow titration of the dose. Anorexia and mild weight loss has been observed during the therapy. Metabolic acidosis, and nephrolithiasis are the other reported side effects. WHO Causality Assessment3 suggests abnormal vision, acute secondary angle closure glaucoma, acute myopia and suprachoroidal effusions are complications of Topiramate therapy. This case highlights and aims to raise awareness that topiramate can cause acute myopia and angle closure glaucoma. Both are reversible with immediate discontinuation of the drug4. Various authors have also reported these serious complications due to topiramate[4][5][6]. The mechanism for topiramate induced angle closure glaucoma is by ciliochoroidal effusion with forward displacement of the lens â₠¬â€œ iris diaphragm and anterior chamber shallowing, resulting in acute myopia and angle closure glaucoma4]. Topiramate’s weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor activity and prostaglandin mediated effects have also been postulated as possible mechanisms7. Acute myopia up to -9.0 diopters can occur in a matter of hours after starting topiramate, but might take weeks to fully resolve. Whenever a case of myopia with angle closure glaucoma and a shallow anterior chamber is encountered, ciliochoroidal effusion syndrome induced by drugs should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Drug induced myopia has also been associated with promethazine, spironolactone, tetracycline, corticosteroids etc.5. Pupils should not be dilated to prevent further angle closure and possible rise in pressure. Paediatric and developmentally delayed patients who have been started on topiramate should be closely monitored during the first 2 weeks of treatment. It is important for the clinician to educate the patients about this serious adverse effect while prescribing topiramate and advise them to report immediately in the event of visual disturbance. REFERENCES 1V. Shivakumar, N. Jayaram, N. P. Rao, and G. Venkatasubramanian, Successful Use of Add on Topiramate for Antipsychotic Induced Weight Gain, Indian J Psychol Med, 34 (2012), 85-6. 2Y. Mikaeloff, A. de Saint-Martin, J. Mancini, S. Peudenier, J. M. Pedespan, L. Vallee, J. Motte, M. Bourgeois, A. Arzimanoglou, O. Dulac, and C. Chiron, Topiramate: Efficacy and Tolerability in Children According to Epilepsy Syndromes, Epilepsy Res, 53 (2003), 225-32. 3S. A. Zaki, Adverse Drug Reaction and Causality Assessment Scales, Lung India, 28 (2011), 152-3. 4J. E. Craig, T. J. Ong, D. L. Louis, and J. M. Wells, Mechanism of Topiramate-Induced Acute-Onset Myopia and Angle Closure Glaucoma, Am J Ophthalmol, 137 (2004), 193-5. 5T. C. Chen, C. W. Chao, and J. A. Sorkin, Topiramate Induced Myopic Shift and Angle Closure Glaucoma, Br J Ophthalmol, 87 (2003), 648-9. 6H. A. Sen, H. S. OHalloran, and W. B. Lee, Case Reports and Small Case Series: Topiramate-Induced Acute Myopia and Retinal Striae, Arch Ophthalmol, 119 (2001), 775-7. 7C. M. Desai, S. J. Ramchandani, S. G. Bhopale, and S. S. Ramchandani, Acute Myopia and Angle Closure Caused by Topiramate, a Drug Used for Prophylaxis of Migraine, Indian J Ophthalmol, 54 (2006), 195-7.

The Antiwar Movement During the Vietnam War :: Vietnam War Essays

The Antiwar Movement in the U.S. - End the War in Vietnam! The antiwar movement against Vietnam in the US from 1965-1971 was the most significant movement of its kind in the nation's history. The United States first became directly involved in Vietnam in 1950 when President Harry Truman started to underwrite the costs of France's war against the Viet Minh. Later, the presidencies of Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy increased the US's political, economic, and military commitments steadily throughout the fifties and early sixties in the Indochina region. Prominent senators had already begun criticizing American involvement in Vietnam during the summer of 1964, which led to the mass antiwar movement that was to appear in the summer of 1965. This antiwar movement had a great impact on policy and practically forced the US out of Vietnam. Starting with teach-ins during the spring of 1965, the massive antiwar efforts centered on the colleges, with the students playing leading roles. These teach-ins were mass public demonstrations, usually held in the spring and fall seasons. By 1968, protesters numbered almost seven million with more than half being white youths in college. The teach-in movement was at first, a gentle approach to the antiwar activity. Although, it faded when the college students went home during the summer of 1965, other types of protest that grew through 1971 soon replaced it. All of these movements captured the attention of the White House, especially when 25,000 people marched on Washington Avenue. And at times these movements attracted the interest of all the big decision-makers and their advisors (Gettleman, 54). The teach-ins began at the University of Michigan on March 24, 1965, and spread to other campuses, including Wisconsin on April 1. These protests at some of America's finest universities captured public attention. The Demonstrations were one form of attempting to go beyond mere words and research and reason, and to put direct pressure on those who were conducting policy in apparent disdain for the will expressed by the voters (Spector, 30-31). Within the US government, some saw these teach-ins as an important development that might slow down on further escalation in Vietnam. Although several hundred colleges experienced teach-ins, most campuses were untouched by this circumstance. Nevertheless, the teach-ins did concern the administration and contributed to President Johnson's decision to present a major Vietnam address at Johns Hopkins University on April 7, 1965. The address tried to respond to the teach-ins campus protest activity.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Marriage as Portrayed in Merchants Prolog

Marriage as Portrayed in The Merchants Prologue and Tale  Ã‚   The story of Januarie's marriage to May and her subsequent infidelity with Damyan allows for not only Chaucer's view of marriage to come through, but also includes the opinions of contemporary writers. Chaucer allows his views to be made known as the narrator and his views could also be said to infiltrate the speeches of the Merchant. Justinus and Placebo's views are also accounted for as the fictional characters also air their opinions on the institution of marriage. In this way, Chaucer has allowed for a fair deal of discussion of marriage. Chaucer places the character of Januarie in Pavia, which has a reputation for brothels. In this somewhat uncouth place, Januarie is in a self-imposed race against time to find a wife. At 60 years old, Januarie is getting married simply because he feels that he should before he dies and believes that, like St Paul says, to get married purely in order to avoid sin, is perfectly reasonable. Januarie wants a wife of "warm wex" in order to be able to ply her to his own demands and needs. His friends would have liked to have advised Januarie further on his choice of wife, however there was no time. Januarie sees the marriage very much as a business transaction and he uses his friends to scour the land for suitable women as it is a quicker way of finding the best deal. Like Januarie, Justinus is concerned with the economic ideals of the union. However he does have further concerns as to the age difference that will occur. He soon sees the possibility of infidelity on the wife's part. Unlike Januarie who quite simply requires a pretty face and a weak character, Justinus advises that the woman should have "Mo goode thewes than ... ...nfidelity is wrong. The Merchant says little about the business like manner in which the marriage took place, but has more to say about the untrustworthy nature of women, his cynicism from his own relationships showing through his occasional selections of Biblical references to deceitful women such as Rebecca and Judith. The Tale's own deceitful woman, May, yearns for a more emotional relationship and believes that she finds this with Damyan. However, he holds what appears to be a more typical male view of marriage. It is much more enjoyable to be a bachelor and to have no ties. May's only emotional links with him, such as the letters they exchange, have to be disposed of in the privy. The mercantile, unromantic nature of marriage seems to be prevalent in most men's minds as women cannot be trusted unless perhaps under some kind of bond other than purely spiritual.

The Driving Age :: essays research papers

Many teens are interested in being able to drive at a younger age, but it is still unclear if they are able to handle it. If the legal driving age is lowered, are we endangering the lives of teen drivers, as well as the passengers with them? I believe most people want to drive as soon as they can. However, recently the government has been trying to pass laws that may change the current driving age of 16. There are positive and negative aspects to changing the laws that allow the driving age to stay at 16.There have been new bills being proposed that mite be passed. â€Å"The Minister for Urban Services has introduced a Bill (proposed law) into the Assembly. He wants to amend the Road Transport (Driver Licensing) Act 2000. The new Bill is called the Driving Age Amendment Bill. This Bill is intended to raise the age at which people can apply for a learner’s permit and driver’s license.† (Legislative Assembly). This bill will raise the driving age if it is passed b ut the aspects of what will happen should be considered before we change it. There are many different reasons why we should keep it at 16. First off it’s a good working system that we have followed for a long time. Another good reason that helps this concept is that the teenagers are still in school so it’s easier for them to take drivers training. If there are more drivers that ultimately mean that more people will be paying for insurance. There are also the reasons why we should change it from 16. Like for instances most 16 year olds aren’t responsible enough to drive. â€Å"The facts show that younger drivers (those between ages 16 and 25) receive more citations, are more likely to have their driving privilege suspended, and are responsible for more accidents than drivers in any other age group.† (Dr. Steven Evans). Another reason is that it’s a high cost own a car when they are making so little money. If we were to raise the driving age it would most likely be changed to 18. The best reasons for raising it to 18 would probably be that they are more responsible. â€Å"Children are not equipped to handle these vehicles, which are hard for even an experienced, adult driver to handle.† (Ron Shaffer) They have More money because of there jobs and if you go away from home you need a license.

Martin Delaney Essay

Martin Delany was born in West Virginia a free man, the son of Pati and Samuel Delany. He was considered free because his Mother Pati was a free women. In his growing years he and his siblings were taught to read using the New York primer to learn to read. To keep from being arrested his mother moved the children to Pennsylvania a free state. He did have to leave school occasionally to help on the family farm but eventually he did migrate to Pittsburgh where he became a barber and laboroer to support himself.- In 1834 Delany met and married Catherine Richard with whom he married Catherine Richards and they had 11 children that all survived to adulthood. During the national choldera epidemic in 1833, Delany became apprenticed to Dr. AndrewN. McDowell, where he learned contemporary techniques of fire cupping and leeching then condidered the primary techniques to treat. He continued to study under the mentorship of Dr. McDowell and other abolisionist doctors, such as Dr F. Julius LeMoyn e and Dr. Joseph P. Gazzam of Pittsburgh. Delany became more active in political matters. In 1835 he attended his first National men of color convention, held in Philadelphia since 1831. He was inspired to conceive a plan to set up a ‘Black Israel’ on the east coast of Africa. He also became involved in the temperance movement and organizations caring for fugitive slaves who had escaped to Pennsylvania, a free state. While Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison were in Pittsburgh in 1847 on an anti-slavery tour, they met with Delany. Together the men conceived the newspaper that became the North Star. It was first published later that year in Rochester, New York. The business was handled by Douglass, while Delany traveled to lecture, report, and obtain subscriptions. During these travels, he was frequently confronted by mobs opposing his views, sometimes violently. While living in Pittsburgh, Delany studied the basics of medicine under doctors and maintained his own cupping and leeching practice. In 1849 he began to study more seriously to prepare to apply to medical school. In 1850 he failed to be accepted to several institutions before being accepted at Harvard Medical school, after presenting letters of support from seventeen physicians. He was one of the first three black men to be admitted there. Following the war, Delany continued to be politically active. He worked to help black cotton farmers improve their business and negotiating skills to get a better price for their product. He also argued against blacks, when he saw fit, however. He opposed the vice presidential candidate of J. J. Wright because he was too inexperienced, and also opposed the candidacy of a black man for the mayor of Charlston, SC. In the later 1870s, the gains of the Reconstruction period began to be pushed back by more conservative elements. White Democrats replaced Delany in office. Parlimentary groups such as the Red Shirts suppressed black voting in South Carolina, especially in the upland counties. In reaction to whites’ regaining power and the suppression of black voting, Charleston -based blacks started planning again for emigration to Africa. In 1877, they formed ‘Liberia Exodus Joint Stock Steamship Company’, with Delany as chairman of the finance committee. A year later, the company purchased a ship – the Azor – for the voyage. Delany worked as president of the board to organize the voyage. In 1880, he withdrew from the project to serve his family. Two of his children were students at Wilberforce College and required money for tuition fees. His wife had been working as a seamstress to make ends meet. Delany began practicing medicine again in Charleston. On 24 January 1885, he died of tuberculosis in Wilberforce, Ohio.

Cisneros’ House on the Mango Street: Beauty Comes from Within

Sometimes it is difficult to live through the travails of what life has to offer for all of us. For some who are unlucky, they have to go through numerous trials and tribulations in order to survive the rigors of poverty, dysfunctional families and societal problems. However, when we learn to see the bright side of everything, we will realize that all these bitter and difficult experiences in life can be beautiful and meaningful for us. Without these, we would not attain success or learn about our mistakes that make all of us better and stronger people. As a quote from Sandra Cisneros’ The House on the Mango Street (1989) goes — â€Å"Butterflies too are few and so are flowers and most things that are beautiful. Still, we take what we can get and make the best of it†, this means that we can all live through seeing things as beautiful and essential. What is important is that we value the things that we have and it is up to us to make our lives better than what we deserve. Sandra Cisneros’ The House on the Mango Street weaves a thought-provoking, coming-of-age tale of a young girl. She is not only struggling to grow up to become a fine lady like usual American girls, but she is faced with shame, guilt and disappointment as her family is embarking on to acquire a new home in America. As the story comes to a full circle, the readers would inevitably commiserate with how the girl dealt with the scenarios she had faced. She did not only have to go through the complicated journey with her family to their new home, but she has to deal with the big disappointment that their new house is not what she hoped for. These difficulties definitely fanned some fire inside her – to become more determined and strive harder in the future. In the end, readers could predict her utter frustration why things are always tough for immigrant people like them in America. In the story, Esperanza’s family has to undergo an awkward transition of looking for a permanent place to live. Readers will immediately infer that the young girl’s family has Chicano roots because the girl enumerated the members of the family in beginning her story — Papa, Mama, Carlos, Kiki and Nenny. What’s admirable about Cisnero’s conversational style of story-writing is that everyone can relate to their experiences. At one point in anyone’s life, we all can identify with the travails of going through a house transfer. Anyone’s initial reaction will be to feel excited of how our new house will look like or who our new neighbors will be. Unfortunately, for the young girl, she is bound to be betrayed by her own expectations. When Esperanza’s father announced that they are getting a new house in Mango Street, she expected that it will be in the usual American neighborhood with homes that have freshly-mown lawns and white picket fences. For the Esperanza, Mango Street is more than street sign — it is her marker that circumscribes the dream that she and her family had brought with them. This new house will simply be one aspect of attaining their dream — to have a more comfortable life in this new place, in this new country. However, when she saw the house in Mango Street, she was disappointed. She becomes aware of her own subjective perceptions as she begins to differentiate her family’s wonderful dreams and society’s ugly realities. Thus, she becomes conscious of her parents’ inability to fulfill their promises of the perfect house. She thought that â€Å"They always told us that one day we would move into a house, a real house† (p. 223). However, the â€Å"real house† the narrator expected would be â€Å"like the houses on TV† Apparently, when the narrator saw the house on Mango Street, it transformed from being a symbol of hope to become a symbol of poverty. The narrator associates this realization with the humiliation she has felt in the past, when her family lived in similar places. However, Esperanza realized that she can go beyond her expectations and she could make herself a better person, despite her roots and the community she’s living in. Esperanza began seeing all the positive things around her to make her a stronger person. You can be poor but you still can do good in your studies and excel to become a successful lawyer. You can be a Latina and not get pregnant to become a young mother, but you can strive to achieve your dreams of becoming a great artist someday. Thus, in the story, we can learn that there is beauty in everything that we have. It is just up to us to use these things wisely to make the best out of it. Works Cited Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Vintage Books, Inc. 1989.

The Roman town

The Roman Town was laid out with straight roads and it was in a grid pattern. The shape was a sort of square aswell. It was enclosed with a wall, which had four gates and eighteen towers including the two, which were at the sides of each gate. In the town there would have been an amphitheatre, a theatre, the main temple, the forum, a little temple, a bathhouse, a games room and some shops (small shops not like the NAAFI or Tesco). In the town centre the theatre, forum, a temple and the amphitheatre. The town was defended with a wall, which went all the way around the town. The armies, which guarded the wall and gates, defended the town. Shops, market and forum. Butchers, bakers, pieshops, wine shops, pottery shops, clothes shops, and fruit shops, coal shops, drink shops and food shops were the roman shops. The goods were made at the villa and workshops at the back of the shops. The things only few people could afford were glass vases, nice and well-decorated pots, vases, silk and jewellery. Shoes, woollen cloth, normal pots, food and drink were the things many people could afford. On the streets there would have been beggars begging, soldiers marching, guarding things and arresting people, shop keepers shouting out what they're selling, people buying things, people weighing things and children and people running about. It would have been very busy with all the selling, buying and running about going on. I really like to live during the roman times in those busy streets. The forum was important aswell as lots of other things. It was important because it had the basilica (town hall and law courts), the curia (where the town council meets), the treasury (where all the towns' money is) and the tabularium (all the official documents were kept there). Temples. People believed temples were important God or Goddess' homes. The things that went on at the temples were praying, killing of animals and then examining of the dead animals to see if the gods were pleased or angry. Vesta was the Goddess of purity, fire and hearth. A sacred flame burns in her temple in Rome. Juno was Jupiter's wife and sister. She was Goddess of women and children. Mars was god of war and was always dressed as a Roman soldier. He is the son of Juno. Jupiter was the chief god. The god of the sky and thunder, he carries thunderbolts around to throw. The temple had 27 decorated pillars holding it up and a tiled roof lying on top. At the front of the temple there would have been a gold statue of the god or goddess whose temple it was. Inside the floor was made of marble and stone blocks with fire in the middle would have lit the temple. The walls both inside and outside would have been nicely decorated. The Amphitheatre. An amphitheatre was an oval arena where gladiators fought each other or wild animals. The word amphitheatre means â€Å"theatre in the round†. The Coliseum is Rome's most famous amphitheatre. The amphitheatre had seats like steps but bigger going up all around the sides of it. There are 3 types of gladiator, they are Retiar, Throcian and Mirmillo MY TIMETABLE OF THE AMPHITHEATRE. 09:00-10:03 The Circus 1 10:08-10:55 Warm Up Fight 11:00-12:00 The Death Fight 12:05-13:00 The Circus 2 13:05-14:05 No-man Fight1 14:10-14:30 Executions 14:35-15:55 Lunch Break 16:00-17:00 Wild Beast Hunt 17:05-18:20 Animal Or Human DEATH 18:25-18:45 Executions 18:50-19:50 No-man Fight2 Homes And Houses. The Slums In Rome flats were about 7 storeys high. They were usually dirty. As the storeys went up they got smaller. The poorest people lived on the top floors (the smallest apartments). People hanged their washing on lines which went from one window to another. The very top was open (no-roof) and it was used to store things on like chickens, crops and other things. In a flat the kind of furniture you would find was beds, tables, chairs, draws, shelves and cupboards The disadvantages of living in a flat are flats aren't very big and you have to trust everyone not to go and take or eat your food or steel any of your things and plus there was a lot of noise. The Merchant's House The two biggest areas in the merchant's house were the impluvium and the atruim. The floors were mosaic and that made them well decorated. The walls were also decorated, but they were decorated with stucco. The Villa. The villas were on the outskirts of the town. Although they were luxurious houses they were usually at the heart of a working farm they were well furnished and had mosaic floors.

Mr. Jim Wormold, the Unlikely Optimist in “Our Man in Havana”

According to the online version of the Merriam-Webster dictionary, â€Å"faith is the allegiance to duty or a person: loyalty (1): fidelity to one's promises (2): sincerity of intentions. †# The concept of faith can cleverly be disguised as a purely religious byproduct; possessed primarily by the followers of a religious belief system or spiritual path. However, faith simply means a strong trust in something or someone. Faith is to commit oneself to act based on life experience to warrant rationalization, but without sufficient proof.To have a faith in someone or something also involves an act of will to persevere when the odds are at great length. Even though the protagonist, Jim Wormold doesn’t have religious faith and his actions motivated entirely by desperation to have the approval of an absent wife and spoiled daughter, he is the only character that doesn’t exhibit blind faith. Faith is closely related to loyalty, as evidenced by the ideal of †fidelit y to one’s promises† or an inherent â€Å"faithfulness†. Faith is not an uniquely religious principle, but it is a byproduct of entrusting loyalty.And both loyalty and faithfulness have connections to trustworthiness. Loyalty cannot exist without faith. Wormold’s faith is engrossed to the loyalty of his daughter. As stated in Chapter 2, â€Å"Unlike Wormold, who believed in nothing, Milly was a Catholic: he had been made to promise her mother, he supposed, was of no faith at all, but she had left a Catholic on his hands. It brought Milly closer to Cuba than he could come himself† (Greene, 15). When marrying, Wormold promised his wife they would raise their children as Catholics. Even when his wife leaves he continues to raise Milly as a Catholic.Although it appears that he himself is absent of a religious faith, his actions to ensure she is Catholic are very significant. Wormold failed in his marriage, but doesn’t want to fail in raising his daughter with the right upbringing. Wormold is wholly dedicated and governed by the main woman in his life, his daughter Milly. She is the entire reason for him becoming involved in the Secret Service. By all accounts he should have rejected Hawthorne's offer. He has no background or training of any kind that would qualify him to be a spy. However, he sees a chance to make some money and he exploits it.He not only takes the basic pay of $300 offered him, but goes out of his way to make as much money as possible by creating phantom agents and missions all requiring more money, which of course he uses on his daughter. The following quote presents the reasoning why Wormold accepts Hawthorne’s offer. Milly wants a horse and a country club membership for her seventeenth birthday although she knows Wormold cannot afford the extra expenses of such a gift. †¦,‘Oh, I knew you’d take it like this,’ Milly said. ‘I knew it in my heart of hearts. I said two novenas to make it right, but they haven’t worked.I was so careful too. I was in a state of grace all the time I said them. I’ll never believe in a novena again. Never. Never. ’ (†¦) He had no faith himself, but he never wanted by any action of his own to weaken hers. Now he felt a fearful responsibility; at any moment she would be denying the existence of God. Ancient promises he had made came up out of the past to weaken him. (18) In the given quote, Milly begins to doubt whether her prayers will be answered. It is obvious she takes advantage of her father and asks for anything even if she knows her father cannot afford it.In fear of Milly becoming skeptical of her Catholic faith, Wormold keeps the horse as he had made â€Å"ancient promises to his wife† to â€Å"raise a good Catholic†. Wormold’s fear of his daughter, or at least the fear of her disapproval is brought to realization. Wormold has a great love for his daughter and wants to give her everything she wants so that he can succeed as a single parent and remedy faults he committed to his wife. He sees direct parallels to his daughter with his wife. Wormold failed at his marriage, but he intends to succeed in rearing their child.Several times throughout the novel, Milly manipulates and controls her father with a similarity to her mother. He feels distant and detached from her world and often gives into her requests. â€Å"He was glad that she [Milly] could still accept fairy stories: a virgin who bore a child, pictures that wept or spoke words of love in the dark. Hawthorne and his kind were equally credulous, but what they swallowed were nightmares, grotesque stories out of science fiction† (75). Wormold compares the significance of Milly's Catholic faith to that of a childhood fairytale as it ensures she maintains her innocence and faith in something without skepticism.This critique of Catholicism is similar to the Santa Claus myth. Parents lie t o their children about the existence of an imaginary entity in hopes to instill principles of goodness and morality in their children. Wormolds’ lack of religious faith is a result of a moral discrepancy. His wife was apparently a devote Catholic but still managed to overlook her marriage and run off with another man. Religion for the protagonist, Wormold is irrelevant. On the other hand, to have a faith that things will continue being advantageous isn’t considered far-fetched.Our Man In Havana takes place against the background of the Cold War. The British Secret Service is operated by heresy and the fear of expansion of the Communist regime. The novel’s setting in Havana Cuba is important because the story is written and takes place just before the revolution led by Fidel Castro. At the time of the story, Cuba is a largely poor country. There are many European and American tourists and businesspeople on the island who have their personal agendas and respective loyalties. Wormold remarks about this in Part 5 of Chapter 4: â€Å"You are loyal. † â€Å"Who to? † â€Å"To Milly.I don't care a damn about men who are loyal to the people who pay them, to organizations†¦ I don't think even my country means all that much. There are many countries in our blood, aren't there, but only one person. Would the world be in the mess it is if we were loyal to love and not to countries? † (195) The paranoia surrounding the Cold War is what drives the Secret Service to recruit agents so quickly without giving them proper training. Loyalty is a recurring theme throughout Greene’s novel and questions the validity of the ability to have a loyalty to a country when residing in another.Espionage is rampant because the fear of a Communist threat appears imminent. Consequently, they are so desperate for any information that they are very excited when they get Wormold's fake reports. Their desire to outmaneuver the Communists oversh adows their common sense. The British Secret Service engages in a prime example of blind faith with enlisting Jim Wormold. Hawthorne, the British secret agent who recruits Wormold, is not revered as an outstanding agent and isn’t trusted by his superiors. This may be a result in his questionable judgment for selecting new recruits.Although the British secret Service prides itself to â€Å"employ agents who were men of good social standing,† Hawthorne lies about Wormold’s true occupation and social standing by embellishing it: â€Å" ‘Oh, he imports, you know, Machinery, that sort of thing. ’ It was always important to one’s own career to employ agents who were men of good social standing. The petty details on the secret file dealing with the store in Lamparilla Street would never, in ordinary circumstances, reach this basement-room† (52). Later, Hawthorne suspects Wormold's reports may be falsified, but does nothing about it.In Part 4 of Chapter 2 Dr. Hasselbacher states, â€Å"At first they promised me they were planning nothing. You have been very useful to them. They knew about you from the very beginning, Mr. Wormold, but they didn't take you seriously. They even thought you might be inventing your reports. But then you changed your codes and your staff increased. The British Secret Service would not be so easily deceived as all that, would it? † (146) Faith is a suspension of disbelief. This is vital for believing in things that can't be proven, and as such is a personal decision for the individual.The function of the British Secret Service is to rely heavily on sources that cannot be easily confirmed. They have to put much trust in people like Wormold. While it is likely that most of them are reliable and diligent intelligence gatherers, there are few checks and balances in place to confirm they are not. The information they provide is obviously secret and not easily verifiable. This is dangerous bec ause decision makers have to much of their faith on these sources when making serious decisions.When wrong information gets through the system, whether it is intentionally wrong or not, it resulted in disastrous consequences as several people do in fact die indirectly because of Wormold's fake reports. The Secret Service is supposed to be a highly competent organization, but in reality they are unwittingly relying on Wormold who is neither qualified nor a loyal patriot of the British Crown. â€Å"If you have abandoned one faith, do not abandon all faith. There is always an alternative to the faith we lose. Or is it the same faith under another mask? # The idea of faith being either religious or not is purely semantics. For Wormold it is not a matter if he has faith, but who or what he places his faith in. Throughout the novel, Wormold exhibits optimism that he will be able to preserve a decent livelihood for himself and his daughter through playing up the insecurities and paranoia of the British secret service. Through the depiction of Wormold, Greene's Our Man In Havana suggests that true faith is not blinded by fear of attack of an unknown enemy or mythology of an ominous being, but loyalty to one’s individual morals and loved ones.

A Freedom Writer Toast For Change English Literature Essay

A Freedom Writer Toast For Change English Literature Essay A Freedom Writer named Maria entered class during the Toast for Change and was the first person to declare what she wanted to change in her life. Maria didn’t want to end up pregnant at fifteen like her mother, end up in prison like her father, or wind up dead at the age of eighteen like her cousin. She wanted a clean slate, and a bright future, but she didn’t want to start by reading Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. Maria felt she couldn’t relate to Anne Frank, and on top of that she hated reading. Ms. Gruwell believed Maria would find herself within the pages of the book, and Maria wanted to prove her wrong. So one night as she read about Anne and the hardships she endured while living in the attic she realized Ms. Gruwell had been right! Anne and Maria have a lot of things in common. Even though Anne wasn’t Latina, and didn’t grow up in the same neighborhood as Maria, these two girls faced both discrimination based on the way they looked. After Maria finished the book Ms. Gruwell began to notice changes within her student. She had a better attitude in class, more focused on her studies, and became more interested in class material. # 2 In the fall of 1995, a freedom writer was sent on a mission by her family. Her goal is to defend her own against and testify against a rival gang member. This young woman was a witness to a murder committed by her friend Paco. A rival gang member sat on the opposite side of the court room falsely accused of the murder. She was always taught to protect her family no matter the circumstances. Her mind should have been made up, lie and go home, but as she sat on the witness stand two natures were at war inside of her, good and evil. The good nature told her to do what is right and tell the truth, the evil nature kept chanting protect your own and send an innocent man to prison. The decision had not been so easy anymore and someone made what Paco thought would be a smooth trial into someth ing her family and friends never thought could happen. On the opposite side of the court room, sat the rival gang members family. Her eyes gazed over their faces, almost all were filled with anger except one. A woman the author described as being strong with tears in her eyes. Out of all the faces in the court room this one was familiar. The strong woman with tears in her eyes resembled all the author and her mother went through when her father was on trial. She saw her mother and herself in the woman’s shoes, and a flashback of the day her father was sent to prison. At that moment she knew what she had to do. It frightened her because this was not part of the plan, if she did what was right the mission would not be accomplished and the one principal that held her family together would be shattered. The image of her mother gave her the power to end the fight between right and wrong. In this court room she realized the power she possessed. She could give this woman what was de nied to her mother so long ago, the truth and her family.

Ford Motor Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Ford Motor Company - Essay Example This report will give a comprehensive analysis of the external and internal factors and aspects that has lead the company to crisis. The first part of the analysis demonstrates a summary about the company and its problems in general. From the analysis in the second part it is found that poor management and decision making is the biggest problem of Ford. Ford is also loosing the market edge on Hybrid and Small cars segment. A fish bone diagram is used to represent the various challenges that have lead to the loss of profitability for Ford. The analysis helped to arrive at the issues which are management, competition, recession and quality. Excessive family control and poor decision making are the major management issues. Similarly, competition from Japanese car makers and other small and hybrid car makers are the major competition lead issues. Low demand and rippling effects of the recession are the recessionary issues. Finally product defects and recalls following that are the qualit y issues that affected ford. The analysis had also put forward various other solutions that will help the company to come back to profitability. Huge reduction of the family’s stake in the business is among the primary solution for Ford. The later part of the report describes a detailed cost benefit analysis for arriving at the right decision for the company. Some of the alternatives solutions available for Ford are as follows: invest huge in R&D, expand the market, develop more small cars, gradually exit the stake from other auto companies, invest in strategic alliances, gradually increase the marketing expenses, emphasize the message of quality. ... Ever since its inception Ford has acquired and sold many of the big brands in the industry. Jaguar & Land Rover and Volvo are the leading ones among them. Following the crisis that hit the company and which almost lead to their failure, it has to restructure itself thoroughly. As a part of it, Ford even discontinued its Mercury brand. Ford was one of the pioneers of ‘Mass Production’ concept. Ford introduced the assembly line system in the automobile production that enabled the roll-over of large number of cars within limited time. The Model T was the first Ford model to undergo assembly line production. â€Å"When the United States became involved in World War I (April 1917), the Ford Motor Company placed its resources at the disposal of the government.† (Funding Universe, 2011) Following the retirement of Henry Ford in 1918, the company’s operations were looked after by his son Edsel Ford. Ford faced the first financial problems in 1921 when the company h ad $58 million in debt and the company had only $20 million with them to meet this. But the various strategic moves that involved sales of maximum automobile and only through cash, reduction of inventories by one third, and various other cost reduction techniques helped them to increase cash inflow. Within no time Ford raised around $87 million which gave them a surplus amount even after meeting all its debt obligations. â€Å"The vision of Ford Motors is to become the world’s leading consumer company for automotive products and services. The mission statement of Ford is to that they are a global family with a proud heritage passionately committed to providing personal mobility for people around the world.  We anticipate consumer need and deliver outstanding products and services that improve people's

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 17

Case study - Essay Example Globalization in the film industry can be approached from four main categories as discussed by Lorenzen (2008). He enumerates these approaches as being globalization of involvement in film-making, film consumption, film production and organization of film making. Globalization involvement in film-making is characterized by a rapid growth in the number of feature films that hit the market, either for TV, cinema or exhibition. For instance, Lorenzen observes that India and China have considerably experienced steady growth in the film industry, a situation backed by their respective growth in purchasing power and investment in the industry. The rise of global consumer taste the world over characterizes globalization in consumption. Lorenzen notes that apart from continuous expansion of the global market, the ease with which producers can reach the prospective market has also improved. The advantage that comes with this phenomenon is that products can be released simultaneously to global audiences on a good number of national markets. This consumption globalization is immensely boosted by such quick distribution and exhibition platforms as internet, Satellite TV and DVDs. India and Japan have been noted to be more aggressive in adopting new technological distribution means compared to Hollywood. Cross-border co-production of films is what marks production globalization. Even though this practice has been around for some time, it has recently witnessed a great surge, with most films from US, Canada, Asia, and Europe involving cross-border production. India, due to is conservative nature, is yet adopt cross-border co-production, hence the relatively low external market share for its films. The final aspect of globalization is global organization, characterized by the advent of global corporations. With the onset of internalization, Lorenzen observes that most Hollywood